Figure 5. Vasculature effect.

MR angiography (MRA) in NHP in (A) coronal, (B) sagittal, and (C) horizontal view, and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was indicated by an arrowhead. (D) Four BBB opening cases targeting regions proximal to the MCA (arrowhead) at 450 kPa in NHP 4, where the upper row showed the opening volume overlaying onto the post-Gd T_1w images and the lower row was the cavitation response along the sonication time. PCD calibration (E–G) after BBB opening in cases i-iii was performed in order to assess the cavitation level at different pressures (10 pulses per pressure) with targeted regions near or include the MCA (E: SCD_h, F: SCD_u, G: ICD), and the errorbar represented the standard deviation of the 10 sonications. Note that the opening volume for case i to iv was 309, 469, 443, and 758 mm³ and angle of incidence to the skull: 24°, 18°, 35°, 41°, respectively. The cavitation level varied as the targeted region approached the MCA that was correlated with the opening volume but was found to be independent of the incidence angle.