Fig. 5.

Lactic acid production by C. glutamicum strains under oxygen deprivation. a The effects of MnSO₄ and KCl on lactic acid production by the WT∆pyk1/pXMJ19-pyk2 strain. The cells were suspended to a final dry cell weight of 10 g/L in 100 mL of CGXII medium with 100 mM bicarbonate. b Fed-batch production by the WT∆pyk1 strain under oxygen deprivation. c Fed-batch production by the WT∆pyk1/pXMJ19-pyk2 strain under oxygen deprivation. For the fed-batch fermentation experiments, the cells were suspended to a final dry cell weight of 20 g/L in 3 L of CGXII medium with 100 mM bicarbonate. The data were derived from experiments performed at least in three times, and the error bars represent the standard deviations