Table 5.
Classification of complications that occurred within 30 days from surgery according to the Clavien-Dindo classification and their treatment
| Clavien-Dindo classification | LC (n = 289) | Conversion (n = 84) | Total (n = 373) | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade I-II | 24 (8.3%) | 15 (17.9%) | 39 (10.5%) | |
| Infections | Antimicrobial medication | |||
| Pneumonia | 8 | 4 | 12 | |
| Superficial SSI | 4 | 2 | 6a | |
| Urinary tract infection | 1 | 1 | ||
| Other infection | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Arrhythmias | 4 | 4 | Antiarrhythmic medication | |
| High blood pressure | 2 | 2 | Blood pressure medication | |
| Perioperative MI | 2 | 2 | Medication | |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 1 | 1 | 2 | Medication |
| Congestion | 1 | 1 | 2 | Medication |
| Urinary retention | 1 | 1 | Catheterisation | |
| Postoperative delirium | 1 | 1 | Medication | |
| Nausea | 1 | 1 | Antiemetic medication | |
| Perihepatic hematoma | 1 | 1 | Follow-up | |
| Wound hematoma | 1 | 1 | Change of dressings | |
| Grade III a-b | 13 (4.5%) | 7 (8.3%) | 20 (5.4%) | |
| Common bile duct stone | 5 | 5 | ERCP | |
| Surgical site effusion | 4 | 4 | Drainage | |
| Bile leak | 3 | 3a | ERCP, stenting | |
| Deep SSI; abscess | 2 | 1 | 3 | Drainage |
| Wound dehiscence | 2 | 2 | Re-suturation | |
| Bleeding from urinary catheter | 1 | 1 | Bladder washout | |
| Intra-abdominal bleeding | 1 | 1 | Laparotomy | |
| Pneumonia; pleural effusion | 1 | 1 | Thoracocentesis | |
| Grade IV a-b | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Respiratory failure | 2 | 1 | 3 | Intubation, CPAP |
| Grade V | 3 (1.0%) | 2 (2.4%) | 5 (1.3%) | |
| Sepsis | 1 | 1 | ||
| Pneumonia | 1 | 1 | ||
| Heart failure | 1 | 1 | ||
| Anoxic brain injury during induction of anaesthesia | 1 | 1 | ||
| Renal failure | 1 | 1 | ||
| Total | 42 (14.5%) | 25 (29.8%) | 67 (18.0%) |
The most serious complication was classified in patients who experienced multiple complications LC Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, SSI Surgical site infection, ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure, MI Myocardial infarction
aThe numbers of superficial SSIs and bile leaks are reported lower here than in the text (seven respectively four), since only the most serious complication in patients with multiple complications was categorised in this table. The most serious complication in the fourth patient with a bile leak was a wound dehiscence (Clavien-Dindo grade IIIb)