Table 1.
Associations of maternal and infant characteristics with birth-weight-for-gestational-age (BW/GA) z-score in project Viva infants (n = 476)
| N (%) | Unadjusted effect estimate (95% CI) | Adjusteda effect estimate (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at enrollment, years | |||
| <25 | 46 (9.7) | −0.57 (−0.88,−0.27) | −0.22 (−0.56, 0.13) |
| 25–<30 | 99 (20.8) | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) |
| 30–<35 | 192 (40.3) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| 35–<40 | 108 (22.7) | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.21) | −0.09 (−0.31, 0.14) |
| ≥40 | 31 (6.5) | −0.06 (−0.42, 0.30) | −0.14 (−0.49, 0.22) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 338 (71.0) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Black | 56 (11.8) | −0.29 (−0.56,−0.02) | −0.26 (−0.55, 0.02) |
| Hispanic | 37 (7.8) | −0.16 (−0.48, 0.17) | −0.15 (−0.48, 0.18) |
| Other | 45 (9.5) | −0.31 (−0.61,−0.02) | −0.15 (−0.45, 0.15) |
| Education | |||
| Less than college graduate | 161 (33.8) | −0.16 (−0.34, 0.02) | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.05) |
| ≥College graduate | 315 (66.2) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category | |||
| <18.5 | 18 (3.8) | −0.40 (−0.85, 0.06) | −0.33 (−0.78, 0.12) |
| 18.5–<25 | 285 (59.9) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| 25–<30 | 105 (22.1) | 0.26 (0.05, 0.48) | 0.28 (0.06, 0.49) |
| ≥30 | 68 (14.3) | 0.27 (0.01, 0.52) | 0.28 (0.02, 0.54) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 324 (68.1) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Former | 100 (21.0) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.25) | −0.07 (−0.28, 0.14) |
| During pregnancy | 52 (10.9) | −0.20 (−0.48, 0.08) | −0.12 (−0.41, 0.17) |
| Maternal glucose tolerance | |||
| Normal | 391 (82.1) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Isolated hyperglycemia | 45 (9.5) | 0.28 (−0.01, 0.58) | 0.24 (−0.06, 0.53) |
| Impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes | 40 (8.4) | 0.26 (−0.05, 0.57) | 0.19 (−0.12, 0.50) |
| Parity | |||
| ≥1 | 254 (53.4) | 0.42 (0.25, 0.59) | 0.41 (0.23, 0.59) |
| 0 | 222 (46.6) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal | 397 (83.4) | 0.00 (−0.24, 0.23) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.27) |
| Cesarean section | 79 (16.6) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Child sex | |||
| Male | 248 (52.1) | −0.07 (−0.25, 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.10) |
| Female | 228 (47.9) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
aEstimates of effect were simultaneously adjusted for all other characteristics in the table