Table 3.
OR (95 % CI) for subjective hearing loss by fibromyalgia, socioeconomic conditions, measured hearing loss, depression and anxiety in women and mena
| Subjective hearing loss | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age, education and hearing loss (model 1) | In addition adjusted for anxiety and depression (model 2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| WOMEN (13 135) | 1 085 (8.26) | 12 050 (91.74) | |||
| Fibromyalgia | |||||
| No | 805 (6.79) | 11 055 (93.21) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| Yes | 280 (21.96) | 995 (78.04) | 3.865 (3.324–4.493) | 5.182 (4.278–6.277) | 4.578 (3.622–5.787) |
| Age | |||||
| 20–35 | 89 (2.09) | 4 162 (97.91) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| 36–49 | 135 (3.36) | 3 881 (96.64) | 1.627 (1.240–2.133) | 1.069 (0.801–1.426) | 0.974 (0.713–1.329) |
| 50–64 | 279 (10.24) | 2 445 (89.76) | 5.336 (4.182–6.809) | 2.072 (1.565–2.743) | 1.952 (1.437–2.651) |
| 65+ | 582 (27.15) | 1 562 (72.85) | 17.424 (13.837–21.942) | 2.354 (1.747–3.172) | 2.071 (1.474–2.909) |
| Education | |||||
| Primary school | 659 (15.45) | 3 606 (84.55) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| High school | 247 (4.49) | 5 255 (95.51) | 0.257 (0.221–0.299) | 0.807 (0.665–0.980) | 0.736 (0.588–0.921) |
| Higher | 179 (5.15) | 3 189 (94.69) | 0.307 (0.259–0.365) | 0.811 (0.658–1.000) | 0.799 (0.618–1.032) |
| WHO hearing impairment | |||||
| None (<26 dB) | 377 (3.31) | 11 007 (96.69) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| Mild (26–40 dB) | 325 (28.33) | 822 (71.67) | 11.544 (9.793–13.606) | 7.859 (6.404–9.644) | 8.082 (6.340–10.302) |
| Moderate (41–60 dB) | 291 (59.75) | 196 (40.25) | 43.348 (35.201–53.380) | 31.533 (24.444–40.678) | 35.904 (26.424–48.786) |
| Severe (>60 dB) | 92 (78.63) | 25 (21.37) | 107.442 (68.247–169.148) | 81.067 (50.190–130.939) | 90.053 (49.378–164.234) |
| HADS–A ≥8b | |||||
| No | 606 (6.11) | 9 312 (93.89) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | |
| Yes | 178 (11.83) | 1 327 (88.17) | 2.061 (1.727–2.460) | 1.732 (1.353–2.217) | |
| HADS-D ≥8b | |||||
| No | 786 (6.91) | 10 590 (93.09) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | |
| Yes | 155 (17.44) | 734 (82.56) | 2.845 (2.358–3.433) | 1.131 (0.849–1.508) | |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.389 | 0.375 | |||
| −2 Log likelihood | 5 056.265 | 3 744.466 | |||
| MEN (12 551) | 1 404 (11.19) | 11 147 (88.81) | |||
| Fibromyalgia | |||||
| No | 1 335 (10.82) | 11 008 (89.18) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| Yes | 69 (33.17) | 139 (66.83) | 4.093 (3.050–5.493) | 4.368 (3.082–6.189) | 4.523 (3.077–6.647) |
| Age | |||||
| 20–35 | 150 (3.93) | 3 666 (96.07) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| 36–49 | 173 (4.54) | 3 638 (95.46) | 1.162 (0.930–1.453) | 1.007 (0.800–1.268) | 0.966 (0.757–1.233) |
| 50–64 | 332 (12.40) | 2 346 (87.60) | 3.459 (2.833–4.223) | 1.692 (1.351–2.119) | 1.609 (1.262–2.050) |
| 65+ | 749 (33.35) | 1 497 (66.65) | 12.228 (10.159–14.718) | 2.116 (1.661–2.695) | 1.837 (1.404–2.403) |
| Education | |||||
| Primary school | 611 (19.72) | 2 487 (80.28) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| High school | 505 (8.22) | 5 636 (91.78) | 0.365 (0.321–0.414) | 0.914 (0.783–1.066) | 0.886 (0.757–1.233) |
| Higher | 288 (8.70) | 3 024 (91.30) | 0.388 (0.334–0.450) | 0.824 (0.691–0.981) | 0.765 (0.622–0.940) |
| WHO hearing impairment | |||||
| None (<26 dB) | 438 (4.36) | 9 618 (95.64) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref |
| Mild (26–40 dB) | 439 (28.16) | 1 120 (71.84) | 8.607 (7.437–9.961) | 5.625 (4.713–6.715) | 6.157 (5.054–7.500) |
| Moderate (41–60 dB) | 410 (53.39) | 358 (46.61) | 25.148 (21.194–29.841) | 15.120 (12.203–18.734) | 17.012 (13.214–21.902) |
| Severe (>60 dB) | 117 (69.64) | 51 (30.36) | 50.376 (35.766–70.955) | 31.310 (21.721–45.133) | 29.566 (19.085–45.802) |
| HADS-A ≥8b | |||||
| No | 949 (9.20) | 9 368 (90.80) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | |
| Yes | 128 (13.43) | 825 (86.57) | 1.532 (1.257–1.867) | 1.583 (1.225–2.044) | |
| HADS-D ≥8b | |||||
| No | 1 040 (9.49) | 9 915 (90.51) | 1.000 ref | 1.000 ref | |
| Yes | 183 (21.79) | 657 (78.21) | 2.655 (2.227–3.166) | 1.429 (1.118–1.826) | |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.319 | 0.296 | |||
| −2 Log likelihood | 6 593.252 | 5 200.042 | |||
HADS-A = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of anxiety in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety
HADS-D = self-reported questionnaire for symptoms of depression in which a score of ≥8 is consistent with clinically relevant symptoms of depression
aN in this analysis ranges from 13 135 to 11 113 and 12 551 to 10 961 for respectively women and men
bMissing data from several participants on this variable