Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study sample, by years of education (National Health Survey, 2013)
| Illiterate | 1–8 years | ≥9 years | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted sample size | 23,815 | 8,245 | 9,985 | 5,585 | |
| Age, mean (SE) | 69.8 (9.3) | 72.0 (16.7) | 69.6 (14.2) | 67.3 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Female gender | 56.4 | 57.8 | 56.1 | 55.0 | 0.045 |
| Living arrangements | |||||
| Live alone | 14.9 | 14,7 | 14,7 | 15.2 | <0.001 |
| Live with one person | 35.6 | 33.0 | 35.8 | 38.8 | |
| Live with two or more persons | 42.3 | 49.4 | 45.7 | 49.5 | |
| Household assets in tertiles | |||||
| Lowest | 33.1 | 54.9 | 28.8 | 7.5 | <0.001 |
| Middle | 32.2 | 30.2 | 27.4 | 24.2 | |
| Highest | 34.6 | 12.9 | 33.8 | 18.2 | |
| Interview responded by a proxy | 32.3 | 33.6 | 32.0 | 30.8 | 0.075 |
| Any activity of daily living (ADL) limitationa | 30.1 | 43.0 | 29.0 | 13.8 | <0.001 |
| Report of needing help for one or more ADL tasks among those with any ADL limitation | 24.5 | 37.0 | 22.7 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
All results are percentages, except where specified. aAny difficulty to carry out one or more tasks. P value for differences across educational groups (Pearson’s chi square test and linear regression for differences across frequencies and means, respectively). All estimates take into account the complex sample design and survey weighs