Table 1. General characteristics of the participants1.
| Men | Women | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Without RHF2 | With RHF2 | Total | P Value3 | Without RHF2 | With RHF2 | Total | P Value3 | |
| (n = 37,802) | (n = 1,990) | (n = 39,792) | (n = 79,208) | (n = 4,169) | (n = 83,377) | ||||
| Age | 51.8±0.0 | 52.2±0.2 | 51.9±0.0 | 0.0725 | 50.9±0.0 | 52.3±0.1 | 51.0±0.0 | < .0001 | |
| The older4, % | 48.8 | 51.9 | 49.0 | 0.0079 | 48.6 | 59.9 | 49.2 | < .0001 | |
| Body mass index | 24.1±0.0 | 24.8±0.1 | 24.2±0.0 | < .0001 | 23.3±0.0 | 23.6±0.0 | 23.3±0.0 | < .0001 | |
| Overweight5, % | 35.9 | 46.0 | 36.4 | < .0001 | 24.7 | 26.6 | 24.7 | 0.0054 | |
| Smoking, % | < .0001 | 0.0473 | |||||||
| Nonsmoker | 27.8 | 21.7 | 27.5 | 96.3 | 95.6 | 96.3 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 37.9 | 36.0 | 37.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 | |||
| Current smoker | 34.3 | 42.3 | 34.7 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.4 | |||
| Regular exercise, % | 54.9 | 47.3 | 54.6 | < .0001 | 50.1 | 45.6 | 49.9 | < .0001 | |
| Current drinker, % | 73.8 | 78.2 | 74.0 | < .0001 | 33.6 | 34.1 | 33.6 | 0.5175 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.8±0.1 | 126.1±0.3 | 123.9±0.1 | < .0001 | 118.3±0.1 | 119.9±0.2 | 118.4±0.1 | < .0001 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.9±0.0 | 78.6±0.2 | 78.0±0.0 | 0.0060 | 73.6±0.0 | 73.7±0.1 | 73.6±0.0 | 0.7402 | |
| Fasting serum glucose | 94.7±0.1 | 98.9±0.5 | 94.9±0.1 | < .0001 | 90.1±0.0 | 91.4±0.2 | 90.2±0.0 | < .0001 | |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | 147.7±0.5 | 161.9±3.1 | 148.4±0.5 | < .0001 | 107.2±0.2 | 111.3±1.2 | 107.5±0.2 | 0.0013 | |
| Serum HDL-Chol6 (mg/dL) | 50.2±0.1 | 50.6±0.3 | 50.2±0.1 | 0.1721 | 57.2±0.0 | 56.1±0.2 | 57.1±0.0 | < .0001 | |
| Albuminuria7, % | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.1710 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.6508 | |
| eGFR8 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.2±0.1 | 109.7±0.1 | 94.1±0.1 | < .0001 | 96.7±0.0 | 110.9±0.1 | 97.4±0.0 | < .0001 | |
| eNEAP9 (mEq/day) | 52.8±0.1 | 53.7±0.4 | 52.9±0.1 | 0.0156 | 47.2±0.1 | 48.1±0.2 | 47.2±0.1 | < .0001 | |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1868.2±2.7 | 1882.7±12.2 | 1869.0±2.6 | 0.2269 | 1721.0±1.9 | 1715.1±8.3 | 1720.7±1.8 | 0.4819 | |
1. Mean±standard error for continuous variables and % for discrete variables
2. Renal hyperfiltration (see Subjects and Methods for details)
3. t-test for continuous data and chi-square test for discrete variables
4. Older than the sex-specific median age (50 years in men, 51 years in women)
5. Body mass index >25 kg/m2
6. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol
7. Proteinuria by dipstick analysis 1+ or higher
8. Glomerular filtration rate estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation (see Subjects and Methods for details)
9. Estimated net endogenous acid production (see Subjects and Methods for details)