Table 4.

Chronic conditions of PICU patients receiving tracheostomies or initiated on chronic ventilation

Condition, % (95% CI)	Tracheostomy alone n=1034	Invasive ventilation n=717	Noninvasive ventilation n=381	Admissions without tracheostomy or chronic ventilationa n=130,847
Cardiac
Congenital heart disease, non-complex	6.1 (4.8–7.7)	8.1 (6.3–10.3)	3.4 (2–5.8)	5.5 (5.4–5.6)
Congenital heart disease, complex	9.1 (7.5–11)	13.9 (11.6–16.7)	7.1 (4.9–10.2)	10.5 (10.3–10.7)
Pulmonary hypertension	4.4 (3.3–5.9)	10.7 (8.7–13.2)	3.7 (2.2–6.1)	1.8 (1.8–1.9)
Other cardiac condition	1.4 (0.8–2.3)	4.5 (3.2–6.2)	3.9 (2.4–6.4)	1.3 (1.3–1.4)
Endocrinologic	6.6 (5.2–8.3)	11 (8.9–13.5)	10.5 (7.8–14)	8 (7.9–8.2)
Immunologic	2.7 (1.9–3.9)	3.6 (2.5–5.3)	4.5 (2.8–7.1)	1.8 (1.7–1.9)
Gastroenterologicb	4.9 (3.8–6.4)	7.9 (6.2–10.2)	14.7 (11.5–18.6)	3.7 (3.6–3.8)
Genetic syndrome	15.3 (13.2–17.6)	18.7 (16–21.7)	15 (11.7–18.9)	6.7 (6.6–6.9)
Hematologic	2.1 (1.4–3.2)	2.2 (1.4–3.6)	2.6 (1.4–4.8)	2.7 (2.6–2.8)
Metabolic	5 (3.9–6.5)	6.7 (5.1–8.8)	10 (7.3–13.4)	2.7 (2.6–2.8)
Neuromusclar
CCHS	0.4 (0.1–1)	1.1 (0.6–2.2)	1 (0.4–2.8)	0 (0–0)
Cerebral palsy	9.9 (8.2–11.8)	8.4 (6.5–10.6)	22.6 (18.6–27.1)	3.9 (3.8–4)
Chiari malformation	0.6 (0.2–1.3)	1.7 (1–2.9)	1 (0.4–2.8)	0.6 (0.5–0.6)
Ventricular shunt or other CNS device	4.6 (3.5–6.1)	5.3 (3.9–7.2)	6.8 (4.7–9.8)	2.7 (2.6–2.8)
Epilepsy	18.4 (16.1–20.9)	16.3 (13.8–19.2)	31.2 (26.8–36.1)	8.9 (8.7–9)
Hydrocephalus	6.6 (5.2–8.2)	8.2 (6.4–10.5)	7.6 (5.3–10.8)	4 (3.9–4.1)
Muscular dystrophy	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	8.1 (6.3–10.3)	21.3 (17.4–25.7)	0.4 (0.4–0.5)
Spina bifida	1.6 (1–2.6)	4.6 (3.3–6.4)	5.8 (3.8–8.6)	1.7 (1.6–1.7)
Spinal muscular atrophy type 1	0.6 (0.3–1.3)	5.7 (4.2–7.7)	13.1 (10.1–16.9)	0.3 (0.2–0.3)
Static encephalopathy or generalized developmental delay	20.2 (17.9–22.8)	18.7 (16–21.7)	22.3 (18.4–26.8)	7.2 (7–7.3)
Other neuromuscular condition	9.2 (7.6–11.1)	10.3 (8.3–12.8)	17.6 (14.1–21.8)	3.9 (3.8–4)
Oncologic
CNS tumor	4.3 (3.2–5.7)	3.2 (2.1–4.8)	1.3 (0.5–3.1)	3.5 (3.4–3.6)
Other oncologic conditionsc	6.5 (5.1–8.2)	3.3 (2.3–4.9)	1.8 (0.9–3.8)	5.9 (5.7–6)
Orthopedic
Scoliosis/kyphosis	5.9 (4.6–7.5)	11.2 (9–13.7)	33.6 (29–38.5)	4.5 (4.4–4.6)
Otolaryngologic
Craniofacial or airway abnormalityd	39.7 (36.8–42.8)	22.2 (19.3–25.4)	9.7 (7.1–13.1)	4.6 (4.5–4.7)
Obstructive sleep apneae	6.6 (5.2–8.3)	4.2 (2.9–5.9)	26.5 (22.3–31.2)	2.2 (2.1–2.3)
Prematurity	7.5 (6.1–9.3)	9.3 (7.4–11.7)	2.4 (1.2–4.5)	4.2 (4.1–4.3)
Pulmonary
Asthma	5.6 (4.4–7.2)	6.1 (4.6–8.2)	18.9 (15.3–23.2)	11.1 (11–11.3)
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	5 (3.9–6.5)	9.5 (7.4–11.9)	1 (0.4–2.8)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
Cystic fibrosis	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	0.8 (0.3–2.4)	0.5 (0.4–0.5)
Diaphragm paralysis	0.6 (0.3–1.3)	3.3 (2.3–4.9)	1.6 (0.7–3.5)	0.2 (0.2–0.2)
Pulmonary hypoplasia	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	1.7 (1–2.9)	1 (0.4–2.8)	0.2 (0.2–0.3)
Other pulmonary conditions	8.7 (7.1–10.6)	14.2 (11.9–17)	22 (18.1–26.5)	2.6 (2.5–2.7)
Renal	2.1 (1.4–3.2)	3.1 (2–4.6)	4.2 (2.6–6.8)	2 (2–2.1)
Rheumatologic	0.3 (0.1–0.9)	0.6 (0.2–1.5)	1.6 (0.7–3.5)	0.6 (0.5–0.6)

CCHS, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit Patients may have had more than one condition

^aExcludes patients who were admitted with a tracheostomy or already on chronic ventilation and/or died during their PICU admission

^bDoes not include patients with feeding intolerance or dependence on feeding tubes

^cIncludes “benign” oncologic conditions

^dIncludes patients with upper and lower airway malacia

^eExcludes patients with documented anatomical upper airway abnormality