Table 1. Patient characteristics and symptoms/clinical signs.
| Total (n=312) | HFMD (n=142) | Central nervous system involvement (n=20) | Cardiopulmonary failure (n=150) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (95% CI) | 2.51 | 2.18a (1.78–2.58) | 2.51 (1.04–4.03) | 2.84b (2.28–3.40) |
| Median | 2 | 2 | 1.7 | 2 |
| Min.–max. | 0.16–27 | 0.75–27 | 0.91–14 | 0.16–27 |
| Sex (% female) | 134 (42.8%) | 52 (36.6%) | 8 (40.0%) | 74c (50.3%) |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| Nod | 62 (20.0%) | 62 (43.4%) | 0 | 0 |
| Hospitalized | 250 (80.0%) | 80 (56.6%) | 20 (100%) | 150 (100%) |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||
| Papulovesicular rash | 130 (42.4%) | 103 (72.0%) | 5 (35.7%) | 22 (14.7%) |
| Fatal cases | 98 (31.4%) | 0 | 3 (15.0%) | 95 (63.3%) |
| Laboratory diagnostic tests (RT-PCR and/or virus isolation) | ||||
| EV-A71 | 208 (66.6%) | 96 (67.6%) | 11 (55.0%) | 101 (67.3%) |
| Other than EV-A71 | 32 (10.3%) | 18 (12.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 9 (6.0%) |
| Subtyped | 27 (73%) | 15 | 5 | 7 |
| Unsubtypable | 5 (13.5%) | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| Co-infection with EV-A71 and non-EV-A71 | 5 (1.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0 | 4 (2.7%) |
| Negative | 67 (21.5%) | 27 (19.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 36 (24.0%) |
| Sequencing | ||||
| EV-A71 | ||||
| VP1 | 9 | 3 (33.3%) | 4 (44.5%) | 2 (22.2%) |
| Full genome | 11 | 4 (36.5%) | 2 (18.0%) | 5 (45.5%) |
| Other than EV-A71 | ||||
| VP1 | 32 | 16 (50.0%) | 5 (15.6%) | 11 (35.4%) |
| Enterovirus A | 18 (56.3%) | 14 CV-A6, 1 CV-A16 | 2 CV-A6, 1 CV-A16 | |
| Enterovirus B | 7 (21.9%) | 0 | 2 CV-B3, 1 E-2 and 1 EV-B80 | 1 EV-B83, 1 CV-B2, 1 E-31 and 1 CV-A9 |
| Enterovirus C | 2 (6.3%) | 0 | 1 CV-A20 | 1 EV-C116 |
| Co-infection with EV-A71 | 5 (15.5%) | 1 CV-A6 (A) | 0 | 2 CV-B2 (B), 1 EV-C96 (C) and 1 PV-3 (C) |
Abbreviations: enterovirus A, (A); enterovirus B, (B); enterovirus C, (C); confidence interval, CI; coxsackievirus A, CVA; coxsackievirus B, CVB; echovirus, E; enterovirus, EV; human enterovirus 71, EV-A71; hand, foot and mouth disease, HFMD; poliovirus, P; reverse transcription PCR, RT-PCR; poliovirus E vaccine-related, VRPV.
a
n=141.
b
n=146.
c
n=147.
d
Patients recruited at the outpatient department.