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. 2016 Nov 15;111(10):2176–2189. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.003

Figure 4.

Figure 4

(A and B) Membrane structural transformations of DMPC bilayer patches induced by the negatively charged AMPs DCD (A) and KB3 (B). Bilayer patches in the absence of peptide (A1 and B1) were monitored through the course of increasing peptide concentrations. (A) DCD exhibited a noticeable line-active behavior from an observed expanded bilayer edge (A2). The number and size of porous defects within the bilayer core grew (A3 and A4), and eventually the integrity of the membrane was fully compromised as micellization resulted (A5). (B) KB3 exhibited less activity than DCD. Bilayer edge instability was not observed until 32 μM KB3 (B2). Detergent behavior was less evident and the membrane was decorated with peripherally bound peptide (B3). A line section in (B3′) shows that the features are ∼2 nm high from the surrounding surface. The dashed boxes in (A5) and (B3) indicate zoomed-in regions that are shown in (A5′) and (B3′). All images were obtained at 30°C. White scale bars are 500 nm unless otherwise indicated. To see this figure in color, go online.