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. 2016 Sep 9;1(5):130–134. doi: 10.1002/lio2.32

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© 2016 The Authors Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Triological Society

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Highlighted cellular and molecular pathways in the type 1 and type 2 inflammatory cascades for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The typical chronic rhinosinusitis patients in North America and Europe follow a type 2 inflammatory response with prevalent eosinophilic mucin. Type 1 inflammation, classically see in Asian patients, manifests a predominately neutrophilic response. CCL = chemokine ligand; CXCL = chemokine ligand; ILC2 = type 2 innate lymphoid cell; S = Siglec‐8 receptor; TSLP = thymic stromal lymphopoietin; T_H0 5 Undifferentiated T helper cell; T_H1 5 T helper 1 cell; T_H2 5 T helper 2 cell; T_H17 5 T helper 17 cell; IFNγ 5 interferon gamma.