Table 2.

Plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations and glucose kinetics before and after the dietary intervention.

	WM		WL		WL-HP
	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations
Glucose (mg/dL)
Basal	96.2 ± 4.1	94.7 ± 4.3	96.1 ± 3.1	92.9 ± 1.8	92.2 ± 1.3	91.9 ± 1.9
HECP	102.3 ± 1.3^*	102.4 ± 0.9^*	101.2 ± 1.0^*	102.5 ± 1.0^*	100.5 ± 0.9^*	101.6 ± 1.4^*
Insulin (μU/mL)
Basal	8.2 ± 1.5	7.0 ± 1.5	5.9 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 0.5^†	7.7 ± 1.3	5.0 ± 0.8^†
HECP	56.6 ± 6.7^*	57.0 ± 2.2^*	53.3 ± 5.3^*	55.2 ± 5.2^*	66.3 ± 5.1^*	63.1 ± 5.4^*
Free fatty acids (mM)
Basal	0.71 ± 0.06	0.70 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.04^†	0.71 ± 0.06	0.61 ± 0.02^†
HECP	0.10 ± 0.02^*	0.07 ± 0.01^*	0.06 ± 0.01^*	0.04 ± 0.01^*	0.05 ± 0.01^*	0.03 ± 0.01^*
Branched-chain amino acids (μM)
Basal	377 ± 19	385 ± 18	375 ± 8	339 ± 15^†	386 ± 13	361 ± 8^†
HECP	237 ± 29^*	235 ± 25^*	209 ± 14^*	159 ± 12^*^†	216 ± 13^*	183 ± 12^*^†
Essential amino acids (μM)
Basal	907 ± 75	942 ± 75	845 ± 25	818 ± 44	830 ± 31	856 ± 41
HECP	661 ± 87^*	664 ± 77^*	558 ± 45^*	468 ± 52^*^†	580 ± 41^*	533 ± 32^*^†
Non-essential amino acids (μM)
Basal	1,006 ± 90	998 ± 98	921 ± 48	881 ± 53	954 ± 36	882 ± 53
HECP	846 ± 91^*	799 ± 85^*	709 ± 49^*	616 ± 55^*	770 ± 43^*	684 ± 39^*
Total amino acids (μM)
Basal	1,913 ± 164	1,940 ± 172	1,766 ± 69	1,699 ± 92	1,784 ± 61	1,738 ± 87
HECP	1,507 ± 174^*	1,463 ± 158^*	1,268 ± 86^*	1,083 ± 104^*	1,349 ± 80^*	1,217 ± 64^*
Sum of C3 and C5 acylcarnitines (μM)	0.37 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.05	0.39 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.02
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (pg/mL)	219 ± 46	247 ± 52	177 ± 36	148 ± 24^†	168 ± 25	116 ± 13^†
Glucose kinetics
Basal glucose Ra
(μmol/min)	761 ± 15	780 ± 30	789 ± 36	736 ± 25^†	784 ± 31	713 ± 26^†
(μmol/kg FFM/min)	15.7 ± 0.6	16.0 ± 0.6	16.3 ± 0.7	15.8 ± 0.6	17.2 ± 0.7	16.0 ± 0.6
GIR during the HECP
(μmol/min)	2,619 ± 554	2,601 ± 429	2,512 ± 197	2,986 ± 164^†^#	2,893 ± 337	2,798 ± 289
(μmol/kg FFM/min)	55.7 ± 13.2	55.0 ± 10.6	52.6 ± 4.9	64.6 ± 4.5^†^#	63.2 ± 6.9	62.8 ± 6.3
Glucose Rd during the HECP
(μmol/min)	2,741 ± 537	2,681 ± 383	2,649 ± 214	3,108 ± 184^†^#	2,976 ± 317	2,905 ± 270
(μmol/kg FFM/min)	58.2 ± 12.9	56.5 ± 9.6	55.5 ± 5.3	67.3 ± 5.0^†^#	65.0 ± 6.5	65.2 ± 5.9

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

FFM: fat-free mass. GIR: glucose infusion rate. HECP: hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure. Ra: rate of appearance. Rd: rate of disappearance. WL: weight loss (n = 10). WL-HP: weight loss high-protein (n = 10). WM: weight maintenance (n = 7).

Value significantly different from corresponding basal value (P < 0.05).

^†

Value significantly different from corresponding value in the WM group (P < 0.05).

Value significantly different from corresponding value in the WL-HP group (P < 0.01).