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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2016 Jul 17;26(6):518–533. doi: 10.1002/casp.2278

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Direct and indirect effects between Condition (Singing versus Non-singing adult education classes) and change in (A) Physical Health, (B) Anxiety/GAD7 and (C) Flourishing scores between timepoints 1 and 3, mediated by change in Inclusion of Other in Self (IOS: collective-bonding) score, and controlling for baseline (timepoint 1) measures, giving the relationship coefficients. Direct effects are partial relationships controlling for the other variables. Any significant associations are indicated as * p< 0.05 (two-tailed). Post-hoc analysis revealed that these three measures were significantly predicted by IOS at timepoint 3 independently of the corresponding baselines, as reflected in the significant direct relationship between change in IOS and the changes in Physical Health, GAD7 and Flourishing illustrated here.