Table 1.

List of inputs and parameters used to estimate the cost-effectiveness using either microneedle patches or syringe and needle for measles vaccination

Model input	Value	Comments	Source (References)
Children population aged under 5 years	1,000,000	Assumed intended target of vaccination programs using the two vaccination technologiesa	Assumed
Incidence of measles among children aged under 5 years	10–100 %	Sensitivity analysis: incidence from studies among communities with low levels of measles vaccination	[10–12]
Impact of increase in vaccination coverage (1 % increase) upon incidence of measles	0.4–11.4 %	1 % increase in first dose of vaccine: 2 % fall in reported incidence. Above 80 % vaccine coverage, for 1 % increase in coverage incidence fall by 11.4 % For each percentage increase in coverage with the second dose, a 0.4 % fall in incidence	[5]
Vaccine coverage	0–100 %	Sensitivity analysis (range of coverage)
Vaccination dropout rate	7.7 %	Proportion of people who received first dose of MCV but did not receive the second dose	[13]
Vaccine efficacy
Single dose (MCV1 only)	85 %	Sensitivity analyses assuming MCV1 vaccine effectiveness = 77 % and 94 %	[14]
Two dose (MCV1 + MCV2)b	97.75 %
Relative vaccine compliance rate in microneedle technologyc	90 % (80–100 %)	Microneedle patch as a new technology might have a lower compliance rate. Sensitivity analysis conducted at different rates	Assumed

MCV1 first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV), MCV2 second dose of MCV

^aThe two vaccine administration technologies are: syringe-and-needle (existing technology) and micro-needle patches (in development)

^bWe assumed 85 % vaccine effectiveness for a single dose and 97 % effectiveness for two doses in the base model

^cBecause vaccination by a microneedle patch is a new technology, we assumed vaccine acceptability or the compliance rate will potentially be lower than the traditional syringe-and-needle injection technology