Table 2.

Conditions where pulse pressure and stroke volume variations are less reliable

Spontaneous breathing	False+
Cardiac arrhythmias	False+
Low Vt/low lung compliance	False−
Open chest	False−
Increased intra-abdominal pressure	False+
Very high respiratory rate (HR/RR < 3.6)	False−
Right heart failure*	False+

* See text for details