Table 8. Results of Per-Protocol Analysis (n = 160).

Variable	Visit 1	Visit 2	Visit 3	Visit 4	p-value
Pain intensity					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	7.46 ± 1.52	5.64 ± 1.80	4.66 ± 1.96	3.97 ± 2.09
Median (range)	8 (3–10)	6 (0–10)	5 (1–10)	3.5 (0–9)
K-BDI					< 0.001†
Mean ± SD	1.11 ± 0.62	-	-	0.62 ± 0.53
Median (range)	1.05 (0–3)	-	-	0.48 (0–3)
General activity					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	7.34 ± 1.56	5.59 ± 1.86	4.64 ± 2.06	3.91 ± 2.14
Median (range)	8 (3–10)	6 (1–10)	4 (0–10)	4 (0–9)
Mood					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	7.15 ± 1.92	5.31 ± 2.01	4.28 ± 2.18	3.57 ± 2.28
Median (range)	7 (0–10)	5 (0–10)	4 (0–10)	3 (0–10)
Ability to walk					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	6.93 ± 2.23	5.42 ± 2.22	4.52 ± 2.28	3.71 ± 2.30
Median (range)	7 (0–10)	6 (0–10)	4 (0–10)	3 (0–9)
Ability to perform normal work					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	7.40 ± 1.79	5.73 ± 1.92	4.79 ± 2.11	4.06 ± 2.21
Median (range)	8 (1–10)	6 (1–10)	5 (0–10)	4 (0–10)
Relations with others					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	6.71 ± 2.50	4.90 ± 2.20	4.14 ± 2.28	3.46 ± 2.29
Median (range)	7 (0–10)	5 (0–10)	4 (0–10)	3 (0–10)
Sleep					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	6.65 ± 2.54	4.66 ± 2.24	3.58 ± 2.25	3.00 ± 2.36
Median (range)	7 (0–10)	5 (0–10)	3 (0–10)	2 (0–10)
Enjoyment of life					< 0.001*
Mean ± SD	7.03 ± 2.36	5.33 ± 2.10	4.31 ± 2.25	3.73 ± 2.45
Median (range)	8 (0–10)	5 (0–10)	4 (0–10)	3 (0–10)

Assessment on pain intensity, K-BDI, and degree of interference with activities of daily life due to pain.

SD: standard deviation, K-BDI: Korean-Beck Depression Inventory.

^*Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ^†Paired t-test.