Figure 2.

Independent associations between disease severity, age, and the relative abundance of classifier taxa. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to assess the independent association between disease severity, defined as the need for hospitalization, and age (independent variables), and the relative abundance of classifier taxa (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Moraxella, and Staphylococcus aureus; outcome variable). Adjusted effect sizes (aESs) are visualized by a forest plot (outpatients, gray squares; inpatients, white squares; age, black squares) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (bars). Benjamini-Hochberg–corrected P values (q values) were calculated. Background colors indicate the classifier species (Streptococcus, light red; H. influenzae, dark blue; Corynebacterium, yellow; Moraxella, light blue; and S. aureus, dark red). We observed that higher abundance of H. influenzae and Streptococcus was positively associated (i.e., aES > 0) with hospitalization, whereas S. aureus enrichment was negatively associated (i.e., aES < 0) with being an inpatient and was observed more often in young infants.