Fig. 4.

Quantitative analysis by real-time PCR showing the mRNA expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (A), angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT₁R) (B), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (C), interleukin (IL)-1β (D), nuclear factor (NF)-kB p65 (E), IkB-α (F), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (G), and COX-1 (H) in subfornical organ (SFO) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in heart failure (HF) rats treated for 4 wk with ICV vehicle (HF + Veh) or TUDCA (HF + TUDCA) and in Veh-treated Sham rats (Sham + Veh). Values are means ± SE (n = 6 for each group) and expressed as a fold change relative to Sham + Veh control. *P < 0.05 vs. Sham + Veh; †P < 0.05, HF + TUDCA vs. HF + Veh.