Table 1. Baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients with lower extremity artery stenosis during the 12-month period preceding peripheral artery bypass surgery or stenting.
| Original cohort |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bypass surgery (N = 5,652) | Stenting (N = 659) | P values | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 67.96 ± 10.12 | 71.20 ± 8.68 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 48.53 | 66.46 | <0.001 |
| Calendar year (%) | |||
| 2000–2002 | 39.97 | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| 2003–2005 | 36.13 | 39.91 | |
| 2006–2007 | 23.90 | 60.09 | |
| Monthly income in New Taiwan Dollar (%) | |||
| ≤17,280 | 58.10 | 68.13 | <0.001 |
| 17,281~22,800 | 34.52 | 23.37 | |
| 22,801~28,800 | 2.34 | 2.28 | |
| 28,801~36,300 | 1.86 | 2.73 | |
| 36,301~45,800 | 1.70 | 1.52 | |
| >45,800 | 1.49 | 1.97 | |
| Region (%) | |||
| Northern | 42.52 | 61.76 | <0.001 |
| Central and eastern | 22.08 | 17.15 | |
| Southern | 35.40 | 21.09 | |
| Hospitalization department (%) | |||
| Cardiologist | 4.14 | 52.96 | <0.001 |
| Other | 45.68 | 37.03 | |
| Cardiovascular surgeon | 50.18 | 10.02 | |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 90.15 | 97.42 | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 45.24 | 64.19 | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 28.95 | 55.69 | <0.001 |
| Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolarity | 3.79 | 1.97 | 0.018 |
| Retinopathy | 30.52 | 29.29 | 0.515 |
| Neuropathy | 34.34 | 28.53 | 0.003 |
| Nephropathy | 73.66 | 50.08 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 6.51 | 7.44 | 0.366 |
| Ischemic stroke | 17.85 | 46.74 | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal failure | 53.47 | 22.15 | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 11.31 | 10.47 | 0.520 |
| Chronic lung disease | 22.52 | 22.46 | 0.970 |
| Depression | 5.68 | 5.77 | 0.927 |
| Charlson’s index (mean ± SD) | 4.88 ± 2.36 | 4.09 ± 2.26 | <0.001 |
| Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD) | 21.68 ± 9.78 | 21.34 ± 9.80 | 0.402 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD) | 3.50 ± 2.81 | 4.78 ± 3.12 | <0.001 |
| Medication use (%) | |||
| Biguanides | 44.37 | 62.97 | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 61.92 | 72.53 | <0.001 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 11.48 | 19.73 | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 11.91 | 20.94 | <0.001 |
| Glinides | 15.99 | 18.06 | 0.174 |
| Any oral anti-diabetic agents | 72.08 | 83.46 | <0.001 |
| Fast-acting insulins | 49.91 | 32.32 | <0.001 |
| Basal insulins | 16.54 | 11.53 | 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 64.23 | 78.15 | <0.001 |
| Clopidogrel | 12.85 | 44.76 | <0.001 |
| Cilastazol | 15.34 | 23.07 | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 7.02 | 7.28 | 0.805 |
| ACE inibitors | 45.67 | 42.03 | 0.076 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 34.68 | 52.20 | <0.001 |
| Alpha-blockers | 17.37 | 22.61 | 0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 50.50 | 62.37 | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 74.45 | 76.48 | 0.257 |
| Directics | 58.09 | 55.99 | 0.303 |
| Other anti-hypertensive agents | 12.95 | 7.74 | <0.001 |
| Statins | 28.34 | 52.50 | <0.001 |
| Fibrates | 12.38 | 15.33 | 0.032 |
| Number of different prescription drugs (mean ± SD) | 49.90 ± 27.02 | 45.83 ± 23.39 | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related medications (mean ± SD) | 7.46 ± 5.34 | 8.04 ± 4.91 | 0.004 |
| Resource utilization (mean ± SD) | |||
| Number of A1C measurement | 1.34 ± 1.61 | 2.07 ± 1.88 | <0.001 |
| Number of lipid-related lab test | 4.35 ± 5.05 | 5.64 ± 5.04 | <0.001 |
| Number of peripheral artery ultrasound examination | 0.03 ± 0.23 | 0.03 ± 0.21 | 0.839 |
| Number of outpatient visits due to diabetes | 15.76 ± 11.25 | 18.08 ± 12.09 | <0.001 |
| Number of outpatient visits not due to diabetes | 46.06 ± 24.97 | 50.65 ± 28.98 | <0.001 |
| Number of emergency department visit | 1.94 ± 2.73 | 1.48 ± 2.56 | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiology outpatient visits | 7.12 ± 10.19 | 5.70 ± 8.87 | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiovascular surgery outpatient visits | 3.55 ± 6.55 | 2.42 ± 5.11 | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits | 13.18 ± 11.02 | 19.51 ± 12.36 | <0.001 |
| Coronary revascularization % | 3.18 | 10.93 | <0.001 |
| Prior amputation % | 11.23 | 4.10 | <0.001 |
| Amputation at index hospitalization % | 17.00 | 2.43 | <0.001 |
| Number of hospitalization due to diabetes | 1.68 ± 1.81 | 1.00 ± 1.38 | <0.001 |
| Number of hospitalization not due to diabetes | 2.09 ± 2.14 | 1.27 ± 1.59 | <0.001 |
| Number of hospitalization due to lower extremity complications | 0.42 ± 0.85 | 0.13 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Number of hospital days | 23.29 ± 34.96 | 11.62 ± 24.22 | <0.001 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days | 1.32 ± 1.66 | 1.07 ± 1.40 | <0.001 |
| Outcome occurrence (%) | |||
| Amputation | 15.61 | 7.28 | <0.001 |
| Thigh | 2.51 | 1.06 | 0.020 |
| Foot, ankle, leg | 11.71 | 5.92 | <0.001 |
| Amputation, revascularization, or hospitalization for medical treatment | 18.88 | 8.50 | <0.001 |
SD: standard deviation.