Table 2. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with lower extremity arterial stenosis receiving peripheral artery stenting by calendar year.
| 2003–2005 (N = 263) | 2006–2007 (N = 396) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 70.44 ± 8.34 | 71.71 ± 8.88 | 0.066 |
| Male (%) | 67.68 | 65.66 | 0.590 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes-related late complications (%) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 98.48 | 96.72 | 0.162 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 64.64 | 63.89 | 0.844 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 61.22 | 52.02 | 0.020 |
| Ketoacidosis or hyperosmolarity | 2.28 | 1.77 | 0.642 |
| Retinopathy | 30.42 | 28.54 | 0.603 |
| Neuropathy | 27.76 | 29.04 | 0.721 |
| Nephropathy | 46.77 | 52.27 | 0.166 |
| Myocardial infarction | 8.75 | 6.57 | 0.296 |
| Ischemic stroke | 51.33 | 43.69 | 0.054 |
| Chronic renal failure | 18.63 | 24.49 | 0.076 |
| Chronic liver disease | 11.41 | 9.85 | 0.522 |
| Chronic lung disease | 26.62 | 19.70 | 0.037 |
| Depression | 5.32 | 6.06 | 0.691 |
| Charlson’s index (mean ± SD) | 4.10 ± 2.34 | 4.09 ± 2.21 | 0.982 |
| Number of different ICD-9 diagnoses (mean ± SD) | 21.46 ± 10.16 | 21.26 ± 9.57 | 0.800 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related diagnoses (mean ± SD) | 5.11 ± 3.10 | 4.56 ± 3.13 | 0.027 |
| Medication use (%) | |||
| Biguanides | 69.96 | 58.33 | 0.002 |
| Sulfonylurea | 77.95 | 68.94 | 0.011 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 16.73 | 21.72 | 0.115 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 22.05 | 20.20 | 0.567 |
| Glinides | 19.77 | 16.92 | 0.351 |
| Fast-acting insulins | 31.18 | 33.08 | 0.609 |
| Basal insulins | 12.93 | 10.61 | 0.361 |
| Aspirin | 80.61 | 76.52 | 0.213 |
| Clopidogrel | 50.19 | 41.16 | 0.022 |
| Cilostazol | 19.39 | 25.51 | 0.068 |
| Warfarin | 9.13 | 6.06 | 0.138 |
| ACE inibitors | 43.73 | 40.91 | 0.473 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 56.65 | 49.24 | 0.062 |
| Alpha-blockers | 24.33 | 21.46 | 0.388 |
| Beta-blockers | 64.26 | 61.11 | 0.414 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 78.71 | 75.00 | 0.272 |
| Directics | 59.70 | 53.54 | 0.119 |
| Statins | 52.85 | 52.27 | 0.884 |
| Fibrates | 14.45 | 15.91 | 0.610 |
| Resource utilization (mean ± SD) | |||
| Number of A1C measurement | 2.00 ± 1.87 | 2.11 ± 1.89 | 0.448 |
| Number of lipid-related lab test | 5.75 ± 5.35 | 5.57 ± 4.83 | 0.657 |
| Number of peripheral artery ultrasound examination | 0.02 ± 0.12 | 0.04 ± 0.25 | 0.058 |
| Number of outpatient visits due to diabetes | 19.04 ± 12.26 | 17.45 ± 11.95 | 0.099 |
| Number of outpatient visits not due to diabetes | 50.90 ± 31.05 | 50.49 ± 27.56 | 0.863 |
| Number of emergency department visit | 1.33 ± 2.22 | 1.58 ± 2.76 | 0.195 |
| Number of cardiology outpatient visits | 5.69 ± 9.13 | 5.70 ± 8.70 | 0.982 |
| Number of cardiovascular surgeon outpatient visits | 2.87 ± 6.29 | 2.13 ± 4.14 | 0.091 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related physician visits | 20.08 ± 11.96 | 19.13 ± 12.63 | 0.335 |
| Coronary revascularization % | 9.89 | 11.62 | 0.486 |
| Prior amputation % | 3.04 | 4.80 | 0.265 |
| Amputation at index hospitalization % | * | * | 0.023 |
| Number of hospitalization due to diabetes | 1.08 ± 1.49 | 0.94 ± 1.29 | 0.244 |
| Number of hospitalization not due to diabetes | 1.33 ± 1.65 | 1.23 ± 1.55 | 0.438 |
| Number of hospitalization due to lower extremity complications | 0.15 ± 0.50 | 0.12 ± 0.39 | 0.400 |
| Number of hospital days | 11.67 ± 20.75 | 11.59 ± 26.30 | 0.967 |
| Number of cardiovascular-related hospital days | 1.11 ± 1.42 | 1.04 ± 1.38 | 0.552 |
| Outcome occurrence (%) | |||
| Amputation | 6.08 | 8.08 | 0.334 |
| Thigh | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.999 |
| Foot, ankle, leg | 4.94 | 6.57 | 0.387 |
| Amputation, revascularization, or hospitalization for medical treatment | 6.84 | 9.60 | 0.215 |
| Mean predicted probability of lower limb amputation | 0.06 ± 0.14 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | 0.095 |
*Any one of the cells <3 SD: standard deviation.