Table 2. List of varying metabolites in controls due to different ages (>60 yr and ≤60 yr) and gender (top and middle table sections), and in RCC patients (bottom table section) due to different smoking habits, BMI (≥25 and <25) and histological subtype (ccRCC and other subtypes) along with % variation, effect size (ES), standard errors (SE) and p-value.
| Metabolite | δH ppma (multiplicity) | % variation (±uncertainty) | ES (±ESSE) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolite variations in controls > 60 yr (n = 29) vs. controls ≤ 60 yr (n = 20) | ||||
| Citrate | 2.70 (d) | −19.5 (12.3) | −0.51 (0.58) | 4.73 × 10−2(*) |
| cis-Aconitatec | 3.12 (d) | −17.2 (5.8) | −1.03 (0.61) | 2.44 × 10−3 |
| Creatinec | 3.03 (s) | −5.9 (37.1) | −0.04 (0.57) | 3.71 × 10−2(*) |
| Creatininec | 4.06 (s) | −21.4 (6.1) | −1.10 (0.61) | 2.37 × 10−4 |
| Hypoxanthine | 8.20 (s), 8.22 (s) | −5.7 (19.9) | −0.07 (0.57) | 2.05 × 10−3(*) |
| Indoxyl sulfate | 7.70 (d) | 17.4 (11.7) | 0.43 (0.58) | 8.42 × 10−3(*) |
| Trigonellinamide | 9.3 (s) | −37.4 (22.2) | −0.64 (0.58) | 9.49 × 10−3 |
| Un 1 | 2.07 (s) | −5.5 (3.8) | −0.39 (0.58) | 1.38 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 2 | 7.93 (s) | −1.9 (20.9) | −0.02 (0.57) | 2.17 × 10−3 |
| Unassigned region | 6.40–6.36 | −19.7 (10.9) | −0.60 (0.58) | 2.05 × 10−3(*) |
| Metabolite variations in control males (n = 15) vs. control females (n = 15) | ||||
| 1-methylhistidine | 7.05 (s) | 19.3 (8.1) | 0.79 (0.74) | 4.04 × 10−2(*) |
| 1,6-anhydroglucose | 5.46 (d) | −20.8 (11.4) | −0.74 (0.74) | 3.99 × 10−2(*) |
| 4-DTAb | 1.24 (d) | 73.8 (15.3) | 1.28 (0.79) | 1.66 × 10−3 |
| Glutamate | 2.04 (m) | −7.6 (3.6) | −0.81 (0.74) | 3.51 × 10−2(*) |
| Isoleucine | 0.98 (d) | 19.5 (6.0) | 1.08 (0.77) | 4.19 × 10−3 |
| Tartrate | 4.35 (s) | 59.4 (17.1) | 0.98 (0.76) | 1.86 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 3 | 0.92 (d) | 11.2 (4.5) | 0.86 (0.75) | 2.71 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 4 | 1.15 (d) | 2.81 (31.4) | 0.03 (0.72) | 1.40 × 10−3 |
| Un 5 | 2.05 (s) | −10.5 (4.2) | −0.96 (0.76) | 1.56 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 6 | 6.19 (s) | 336.5 (133.1) | 0.34 (0.72) | 2.65 × 10−2(*) |
| Unassigned region | 6.43–6.41 | −25.4 (9.0) | −1.17 (0.77) | 9.68 × 10−4 |
| Metabolite variations in smoker + ex-smoker RCC patients (n = 12) vs. non-smokers (n = 26) | ||||
| 3-HBA | 1.20 (d) | −18.2 (15.7) | −0.38 (0.69) | 2.32 × 10−2(*) |
| 4-DTAb | 1.24 (d) | −25.2 (12.3) | −0.56 (0.70) | 4.16 × 10−2(*) |
| Allantoin | 5.40 (s) | −25.1 (9.3) | −0.90 (0.71) | 6.40 × 10−3 |
| Betaíne | 3.27 (s) | −37.1 (12.5) | −0.89 (0.71) | 1.89 × 10−3 |
| GAA | 3.81 (s) | −30.5 (10.6) | −0.98 (0.72) | 5.45 × 10−3 |
| Glucose | 5.25 (d) | −46.3 (15.0) | −0.87 (0.71) | 1.18 × 10−5 |
| Hypoxanthine | 8.20 (s), 8.22 (s) | 48.3 (28.6) | 0.62 (0.70) | 4.50 × 10−2(*) |
| Lactose | 5.26 (d) | −20.5 (9.3) | −0.62 (0.70) | 4.16 × 10−2(*) |
| Scyllo-inositol | 3.37 (s) | −26.4 (8.4) | −1.06 (0.72) | 1.71 × 10−3 |
| Trigonelline | 9.13 (s) | 192.4 (43.2) | 1.25 (0.74) | 2.16 × 10−3 |
| Un 7 | 1.86 (s) | 7.8 (13.0) | 0.17 (0.69) | 3.87 × 10−3 |
| Un 8 | 1.88 (d) | 19.3 (5.7) | 1.30 (0.74) | 5.10 × 10−4 |
| Un 9 | 2.78 (s) | −22.3 (8.0) | −0.85 (0.71) | 2.28 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 10 | 5.35 (s) | −20.5 (9.3) | −0.81 (0.71) | 3.87 × 10−3 |
| Un 11 | 7.94 (s) | 52.2 (14.4) | 1.21 (0.74) | 1.91 × 10−3 |
| Un 12 | 8.66 (d) | 57.9 (19.8) | 1.09 (0.73) | 4.83 × 10−3 |
| Un 13 | 8.79 (d) | 239.5 (45.0) | 1.22 (0.74) | 2.16 × 10−3 |
| Un 14 | 9.05 (s) | 99.64 (46.3) | 0.59 (0.70) | 2.76 × 10−2(*) |
| Unassigned region | 8.31–8.24 | 25.0 (9.0) | 0.96 (0.72) | 1.79 × 10−2(*) |
| Metabolite variations in RCC patients with BMI ≥ 25 (n = 24) vs. BM < 25 (n = 12) | ||||
| 3-HIVA | 2.37 (s) | −10.2 (5.0) | −0.74 (0.71) | 3.63 × 10−2(*) |
| Citrate | 2.70 (d) | −26.6 (18.3) | −0.55 (0.70) | 4.86 × 10−2(*) |
| Succinate | 2.42 (s) | −6.2 (5.5) | −0.39 (0.70) | 6.20 × 10−14 |
| TMAO | 3.28 (s) | 102.3 (21.2) | 0.75 (0.71) | 1.49 × 10−2(*) |
| Metabolite variations in RCC patients with ccRCC (n = 24) vs. other subtypes (n = 15) | ||||
| Creatine | 3.03 (s) | −22.8 (47.4) | −0.16 (0.65) | 7.58 × 10−3(*) |
| TMA | 3.90 (s) | 20.7 (7.1) | 0.83 (0.67) | 1.46 × 10−2(*) |
| Trigonellinamide | 9.28 (s) | −31.1 (17.9) | −0.76 (0.67) | 4.25 × 10−2(*) |
| Taurine | 3.43 (t) | 19.0 (8.4) | 0.57 (0.66) | 4.94 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 15 | 1.25 (d) | 39.6 (9.5) | 0.89 (0.67) | 1.22 × 10−3 |
| Un 16 | 0.75 (d) | 16.9 (20.4) | 0.27 (0.65) | 1.25 × 10−2(*) |
| Un 17 | 0.78 (d) | 75.6 (17.1) | 0.87 (0.67) | 1.25 × 10−2(*) |
aChemical shifts of integrated peaks. s: singlet, d: doublet, m: multiplet. bTentative assignment.
cVariation consistent with previous reports (48–51). 3-HBA: 3-hydroxy-butyrate; HIVA: 3-hydroxy-isovalerate; 4-DTA: 4-deoxythreonic acid: GAA: guanidinoacetate; TMA: trimethylamine; TMAO: trimethylamine-N-oxide. Un i: unassigned spin system i, numbered by order of appearance in table. Only signals with p-value < 0.05 are presented.
(*)not statistically relevant after BH-FDR correction (45).