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. 2016 Nov 18;6:37560. doi: 10.1038/srep37560

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) In situ high-resolution Mn K-edge fluorescence XAS spectra of the as-prepared MnO₂ electrodes and Mn standard compounds and (b) the oxidation states vs. ΔE (eV) of the MnO₂ electrodes during charging/discharging by a chronoamperometry method at applied potentials from 0.0–0.8 V vs. SCE and backward potentials. Note, the XAS was carried out after reaching the steady state.