Table 2.
Cox proportional hazard model for association between sleep disorders and mortality
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Sleep disorder | ||||
| Yes | 1.451 | 1.253 | 1.681 | <0.0001 |
| No | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2.002 | 1.893 | 2.117 | <0.0001 |
| Female | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤19 | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| 20–29 | 2.865 | 1.809 | 4.540 | <0.0001 |
| 30–39 | 5.823 | 4.192 | 8.088 | <0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 14.144 | 10.603 | 18.866 | <0.0001 |
| 50–59 | 24.786 | 17.431 | 35.243 | <0.0001 |
| 60–69 | 57.397 | 39.115 | 84.224 | <0.0001 |
| ≥70 | 207.336 | 138.828 | 309.651 | <0.0001 |
| Income (percentile) | ||||
| ≤10 (low) | 1.375 | 1.228 | 1.540 | <0.0001 |
| 11–20 | 1.390 | 1.219 | 1.585 | <0.0001 |
| 21–30 | 1.439 | 1.267 | 1.634 | <0.0001 |
| 31–40 | 1.476 | 1.306 | 1.668 | <0.0001 |
| 41–50 | 1.289 | 1.136 | 1.461 | <0.0001 |
| 51–60 | 1.337 | 1.185 | 1.507 | <0.0001 |
| 61–70 | 1.240 | 1.101 | 1.396 | 0.0004 |
| 71–80 | 1.227 | 1.098 | 1.371 | 0.0003 |
| 81–90 | 1.102 | 0.994 | 1.221 | 0.0651 |
| ≥91 (high) | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Insurance coverage | ||||
| Medical aid | 1.546 | 1.317 | 1.814 | <0.0001 |
| NHI, self-employed insured | 1.126 | 1.061 | 1.195 | <0.0001 |
| NHI, employee insured | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Year of asthma diagnosis | ||||
| 2004 | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| 2005 | 0.884 | 0.808 | 0.967 | 0.0069 |
| 2006 | 0.765 | 0.694 | 0.844 | <0.0001 |
| 2007 | 0.859 | 0.776 | 0.951 | 0.0035 |
| 2008 | 0.770 | 0.692 | 0.858 | <0.0001 |
| 2009 | 0.784 | 0.697 | 0.882 | <0.0001 |
| 2010 | 0.637 | 0.552 | 0.734 | <0.0001 |
| 2011 | 0.603 | 0.518 | 0.702 | <0.0001 |
| 2012 | 0.603 | 0.501 | 0.727 | <0.0001 |
| 2013 | 0.671 | 0.487 | 0.925 | 0.0148 |
| Disability | ||||
| None | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Mild | 1.214 | 1.113 | 1.326 | <0.0001 |
| Severe | 2.909 | 2.580 | 3.280 | <0.0001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | ||||
| ≤1 | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| 2 | 1.437 | 1.122 | 1.840 | 0.0041 |
| 3 | 1.568 | 1.169 | 2.105 | 0.0027 |
| ≥4 | 2.019 | 1.467 | 2.779 | <0.0001 |
| Average annual pharmaceutical expenditures for asthma (per 10,000 KRW increase) | 1.003 | 1.000 | 1.005 | 0.018 |
| Region | ||||
| Metropolitan | 0.965 | 0.897 | 1.039 | 0.3419 |
| Other | 1.000 | - | - | - |
| Number of medical centers per 1000 residents (per 5 increase) | 1.016 | 0.987 | 1.047 | 0.2789 |
| Population size (per 100,000 increase in population) | 0.977 | 0.962 | 0.992 | 0.0029 |
| Proportion of seniors (per 10% increase) | 0.940 | 0.883 | 1.000 | 0.0502 |
| Financial independence rate of local government (per 10% increase) | 0.978 | 0.961 | 0.996 | 0.0166 |
CI confidence interval; HR hazard ratio; NHI National Health Insurance; KRW Korean Won