Table 4.

Means and Standard Deviations in Seconds/Day of Teacher/Student-Managed, Small-Group and Individual Instruction by Content Area for 347 Target Students

Content area	Condition	Mean	Standard deviation
Phonological awareness	Vocabulary	17.69	58.23
	ISI	1.74	9.91
	Total	9.42	41.73
Morphological awareness	Vocabulary	32.51	100.76
	ISI	129.19	294.87
	Total	82.66	228.46
Word identification and decoding	Vocabulary	11.66	33.92
	ISI	23.96	72.59
	Total	18.04	57.58
Word identification and encoding	Vocabulary	4.49	40.32
	ISI	71.00	154.97
	Total	38.99	119.63
Grapheme-phoneme correspondence	Vocabulary	5.48	32.51
	ISI	8.74	64.36
	Total	7.17	51.50
Fluency	Vocabulary	14.80	58.31
	ISI	33.27	66.88
	Total	24.38	63.49
Print and text concepts	Vocabulary	49.98	208.45
	ISI	50.79	158.93
	Total	50.40	184.16
Oral language	Vocabulary	1.53	6.95
	ISI	20.43	45.43
	Total	11.34	34.35
Print vocabulary	Vocabulary	136.41	277.71
	ISI	236.05	401.12
	Total	188.10	350.32
Listening and reading comprehension	Vocabulary	292.74	281.04
	ISI	428.83	425.44
	Total	363.33	369.00
Text reading	Vocabulary	335.70	590.06
	ISI	481.59	472.19
	Total	411.38	536.40
Writing	Vocabulary	218.07	353.52
	ISI	79.14	189.22
	Total	146.00	288.64

Note. ISI = Individualizing Student Instruction.