Table 5.

Means and Standard Deviations in Seconds/Day of Teacher/Student-Managed, Whole-Class Instruction by Content Area

Content area	Condition	Mean	Standard deviation
Phonological awareness	Vocabulary	94.63	126.75
	ISI	42.50	98.55
	Total	68.56	114.78
Morphological awareness	Vocabulary	255.13	303.94
	ISI	278.38	432.35
	Total	266.75	367.82
Word identification and decoding	Vocabulary	192.69	215.13
	ISI	178.88	171.48
	Total	185.78	191.50
Word identification and encoding	Vocabulary	157.75	259.22
	ISI	244.31	336.36
	Total	201.03	298.65
Grapheme-phoneme correspondence	Vocabulary	34.81	51.96
	ISI	30.88	41.30
	Total	32.84	46.21
Fluency	Vocabulary	102.31	171.95
	ISI	62.94	85.93
	Total	82.63	135.20
Print and text concepts	Vocabulary	349.75	467.25
	ISI	188.75	148.97
	Total	269.25	350.81
Oral language	Vocabulary	150.25	184.34
	ISI	100.50	110.53
	Total	125.38	151.63
Print vocabulary	Vocabulary	906.56	925.52
	ISI	625.69	479.04
	Total	766.13	738.83
Listening and reading comprehension	Vocabulary	1065.00	599.10
	ISI	779.75	737.10
	Total	922.38	676.44
Text reading	Vocabulary	919.44	489.26
	ISI	751.50	470.33
	Total	835.47	479.73
Writing	Vocabulary	119.94	166.97
	ISI	229.94	471.47
	Total	174.94	352.38

Note. ISI = Individualizing Student Instruction.