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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 18.
Published in final edited form as: Read Res Q. 2011 Jul 8;46(3):189–221.

Table 8.

Difference Scores (minutes/day) by Condition

Type of instruction Condition Mean Standard
deviation		 Minimum Maximum
TSM code-focused
difference score		 Vocabulary −5.08 1.37 −11.71 0.28
ISI −4.28 2.23 −11.30 8.15
TSM meaning-focused
difference score		 Vocabulary −9.18 8.81 −22.39 29.36
ISI −6.14 10.56 −21.94 18.38
SM meaning-focused
difference score		 Vocabulary −11.17 7.13 −22.97 14.33
ISI −10.34 6.78 −25.08 8.25

Note. Difference scores closer to 0 indicate greater precision meeting the A2i recommended amounts. ISI = Individualizing Student Instruction. SM = student-managed. TSM = teacher/student-managed.