Table 7. Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure for out-patient care in India (Standard errors in parenthesis) (Dependent variable: log of out-of-pocket expenditure).
| Independent variables | Coefficient with standard errors |
|---|---|
| Log of per capita monthly consumption | 0.27*** (0.04) |
| Less than 5 years of schooling or illiterate among OPD patients | -0.08 (0.05) |
| If elderly (=1) | 0.16*** (0.07) |
| Residence rural (=1) | 0.36*** (0.06) |
| If male (=1) | -0.11** (0.05) |
| Whether visited a government doctor/facility (=1) | -0.43*** (0.07) |
| Whether NCD | 0.73*** (0.07) |
| District dummies | |
| Gurgaon | 0.44*** (0.11) |
| Panipat | -0.003 (0.10) |
| Mehsana | 0.34*** (0.10) |
| Vadodara | 0.44*** (0.14) |
| Chhota Udepur | 1.1*** (0.11) |
| Kanpur Dehat | 0.98** (0.10) |
| Meerut | 0.79*** (0.34) |
| Selection equation | |
| Log of per capita monthly consumption | -0.02 (0.04) |
| Less than 5 years of schooling or illiterate among OPD patients | -0.05 (0.06) |
| If elderly (=1) | -0.11 (0.06) |
| Residence rural (=1) | 0.16*** (0.05) |
| If male (=1) | -0.01 (0.05) |
| Duration of illness | -0.01** (0.005) |
| Whether NCD | -0.58*** (0.05) |
| District dummies | |
| Gurgaon | -0.24*** (0.08) |
| Panipat | 0.45*** (0.09) |
| Mehsana | -0.24*** (0.08) |
| Vadodara | 0.92*** (0.16) |
| Chhota Udepur | 0.01 (0.10) |
| Kanpur Dehat | 1.1*** (0.08) |
| Meerut | 1.6*** (0.13) |
| N = 4863, Log Likelihood = -8609, Wald chi2 = 517 | |
Note: Standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels are: ***, **, * for 1, 5 and 10% respectively