| Diabetes mellitus |
| Advanced age |
| Beta-blockers |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers |
| Adrenal insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
| Aldosterone synthase deficiency or inhibitors (heparin, ketoconazole) |
| Loss-of-function mutations in the mineralocorticoid receptor or antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone, drosperinone) |
| Loss-of-function mutations in the epithelial sodium channel or inhibitors (amiloride, triamterene, trimethoprim, pentamidine) |
| Decreased glomerular filtration rate |
