Table 4.

Expression of TGF-β, BMPs and CTGF in diseased human tendon samples versus healthy control tendon

	Tendon	Increased, unchanged, decreased in diseased vs control
		Gene	Protein
Tendinopathy
TGFβ	Achilles	↑ [29]
TGFβ1	RC, Achilles, patella	↑ [25, 27]	↓ [22], ↑ [24], → [23]
TGFβ2	Achilles		↑ [23]
TGFβ3	Achilles		→ [23]
TGFβR1	RC, Achilles		→ [22, 23]
TGFβR2	RC, Achilles		↓ [22, 23]
BMP2	RC, patella	→ [29]	↑ [26]
BMP4	RC, patella	↓ [29]	↑ [26]
BMP6	RC	↓ [29]
BMP7	Patella		↑ [26]
CTGF	Achilles	→ [27], ↓ [25]
Tear
TGFβ1	RC	→ [22]	↓ [22]
TGFβR1	RC	↓ [22]	↓ [22]
TGFβR2	RC	↑ [22]	↓ [22]
BMP2	RC	→ [22]
BMP7	RC	→ [22]
CTGF	RC	→ [22]

BMP bone morphogenic protein, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, RC rotator cuff, TGF-β transforming growth factor beta