Table 5.
Expression of TGF-β, BMPs and CTGF in animal models of tendon injury or overuse versus healthy control tendon
| Animal | Tendon and model | Increased, unchanged, decreased in animal models vs control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | Protein | |||
| Injury models | ||||
| TGFβ | Rat | Patella, transection (partial) | ↑ (1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 d) [61] | |
| Chicken | FDP, transection → repair | ↑ (3 d), → (9, 14, 21 d) [51] | ||
| TGFβ1 | Rat | Achilles, transection | → (2, 4, 6, 8 w) [48] | |
| Achilles, removal | → (2 d), ↑ (7 d), → (30, 90, 180 d) [49] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| Rabbit | FDP, division → repair | ↑ (3, 6, 12 d), → (24 d) [54] | ||
| FDP, transection → repair | → (1 d), ↑ (3, 7, 14, 28, 56 d) [60] | |||
| Horse | FDS, CI | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w), → (8 w), ↑ (24 w) [57] | → (1, 2 w), ↑ (4, 8 w), → (24 w) [57] | |
| TGFβ2 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] |
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| TGFβ3 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] |
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| TGFβR1 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2 w), → (4 w) [47] | |
| TGFβR2 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| TGFβR3 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMP1 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMP2 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] |
| Patella, CI | ↑ (2 w), → (4, 12 w) [63] | ↑ (2, 4, 8, 12 w) [62, 63], ↑ (16 w) [62] | ||
| Patella, defect | → (2, 4, 12 w) [63] | ↑ (2, 4, 12 w) [63] | ||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↓ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMP3 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMP4 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] | ↑ (3, 5 w), → (10 w) [50] |
| Patella, CI | ↑ (2, 4, 8, 12, 16 w) [62] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMP5 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMP6 | Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMP7 OP-1 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] | ↑ (3, 5, 10 w) [50] |
| Achilles, transection → unload | ↑ (3, 8 d), → (14, 21 d) [64] | |||
| Achilles, transection → load | → (3, 8, 14 d), ↓ (14, 21 d) [64] | |||
| Patella, CI | ↑ (2, 4, 8, 12, 16 w) [62] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMP12 | Rat | Achilles, transection | ↑ (2 w), → (4, 6, 8 w) [48] | |
| Achilles, transection → unload | ↓ (3, 8 d), → (14, 21 d) [64] | |||
| Achilles, transection → load | ↓ (3, 8 d), → (14, 21 d) [64] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMP13 | Rat | Achilles, transection → unload | → (3, 8, 14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |
| Achilles, transection → load | → (3, 8, 14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMP14 | Rat | Achilles, transection → unload | ↓ (3, 8, 14, 21 d) [64] | |
| Achilles, transection → load | ↓ (3, 8, 14, 21 d) [64] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↓ (1 w), ↑ (2 w), → (4 w) [47] | ||
| BMPR1a | Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | |
| BMPR1b | Rat | Achilles, transection → unload | ↓ (3 d), → (8 d), ↑ (14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |
| Achilles, transection → load | → (3, 8, 14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | → (1 w), ↑ (2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| BMPR2 | Rat | Achilles, transection → unload | → (3 d), ↑ (8, 14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |
| Achilles, transection → load | → (3 d), ↑ (8, 14 d), ↓ (21 d) [64] | |||
| Mouse | Achilles, transection | ↑ (1, 2, 4 w) [47] | ||
| CTGF | Rabbit | FDP, division → repair | → (3, 6, 12, 24 d) [54] | |
| Chicken | FDP, transection → repair | ↑ (3 d), → (9 d), ↓ (14, 21 d) [51] | ||
| Overuse models | ||||
| TGFβ1 | Rat | FD, hand-pulling task | → (18 w), ↑ (24 w) [30] | |
| CTGF | Rat | RC, hand-pulling task | ↑ (12 w) [31] | |
| FD, hand-pulling task | ↑ (18, 24 w) [30] | |||
| → (3, 6 w), ↑ (12 w) [32] | ||||
| Rabbit | FDP, electrical stimulation | →[42] | ↑[43] | |
BMP bone morphogenic protein, CI collagenase-induced, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, d day(s), FD flexor digitorum, FDP flexor digitorum profundus, FDS flexor digitorum superficialis, RC rotator cuff, TGF-β transforming growth factor beta, w week(s)