. 2016 Nov 18;16:412. doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-1113-1

Table 2.

Total PMH and domain scores across socio-demographic and clinical characteristics

	Total PMH Score		General coping		Emotional support		Spirituality		Interpersonal skills		Personal growth and autonomy		Global affect
	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P	Mean ± SD	P
Overall Sample	3.93 ± 0.95		3.84 ± 1.14		3.95 ± 1.33		3.98 ± 1.47		4.25 ± 1.04		3.94 ± 1.15		3.67 ± 1.17
Age group
21–39 years	3.79 ± 0.95	0.002	3.65 ± 1.19	0.001	3.92 ± 1.31	0.646	3.74 ± 1.54	0.001	4.16 ± 1.02	0.102	3.70 ± 1.19	<0.001	3.57 ± 1.18	0.075
40–65 years	4.10 ± 0.91		4.04 ± 1.04		3.99 ± 1.35		4.23 ± 1.35		4.34 ± 1.06		4.21 ± 1.03		3.79 ± 1.15
Gender
Male	3.88 ± 0.94	0.213	3.86 ± 1.13	0.670	3.78 ± 1.35	0.010	3.89 ± 1.49	0.257	4.21 ± 1.06	0.510	3.91 ± 1.14	0.613	3.61 ± 1.16	0.304
Female	4.00 ± 0.95		3.81 ± 1.13		4.13 ± 1.29		4.07 ± 1.45		4.29 ± 1.02		3.97 ± 1.15		3.73 ± 1.17
Ethnicity
Chinese	3.83 ± 0.92	0.089	3.70 ± 1.11	0.170	4.09 ± 1.30	0.056	3.54 ± 1.54	<0.001^a,b	4.24 ± 0.97	0.674	3.79 ± 1.16	0.130	3.64 ± 1.12	0.868
Malay	4.10 ± 0.93		3.96 ± 1.19		4.02 ± 1.32		4.50 ± 1.23		4.32 ± 1.03		4.05 ± 1.12		3.72 ± 1.12
Indian	3.92 ± 0.98		3.89 ± 1.10		3.70 ± 1.37		4.04 ± 1.42		4.20 ± 1.15		4.02 ± 1.14		3.67 ± 1.27
Marital status
Single	3.84 ± 0.98	0.043^c	3.75 ± 1.19	0.289	3.86 ± 1.33	0.005^c,d	3.86 ± 1.50	0.236	4.12 ± 1.05	0.013c	3.80 ± 1.19	0.026^c	3.67 ± 1.17	0.498
Married	4.12 ± 0.88		3.95 ± 1.07		4.28 ± 1.22		4.12 ± 1.41		4.48 ± 0.95		4.15 ± 1.09		3.75 ± 1.16
Separated/Divorced/Widowed	3.91 ± 0.89		3.92 ± 1.05		3.62 ± 1.42		4.11 ± 1.46		4.27 ± 1.11		4.03 ± 1.02		3.52 ± 1.18
Highest education level
Some formal/Primary education	3.71 ± 1.09	0.232	3.55 ± 1.13	0.114	3.67 ± 1.42	0.330	1.42 ± 0.23	0.344	3.80 ± 1.29	0.030^e	3.80 ± 1.28	0.340	3.66 ± 1.23	0.472
Secondary/Junior College/Pre U	3.97 ± 0.94		3.90 ± 1.15		3.93 ± 1.32		4.08 ± 1.50		4.30 ± 1.02		3.98 ± 1.13		3.65 ± 1.14
Vocational	4.00 ± 0.90		3.86 ± 1.12		4.22 ± 1.22		3.84 ± 1.46		4.22 ± 0.93		3.94 ± 1.13		3.93 ± 1.16
Tertiary	3.78 ± 0.81		3.56 ± 0.97		4.03 ± 1.28		3.61 ± 1.42		4.30 ± 0.90		3.71 ± 1.13		3.48 ± 1.15
Post Graduate	4.39 ± 1.15		4.38 ± 1.37		4.41 ± 1.87		4.18 ± 1.24		4.85 ± 0.95		4.54 ± 1.01		3.97 ± 1.78
Current employment status
Unemployed	3.85 ± 0.10	0.048	3.70 ± 1.17	0.009	3.87 ± 1.33	0.171	4.01 ± 1.45	0.621	4.08 ± 1.05	<0.001	3.85 ± 1.17	0.076	3.61 ± 1.17	0.201
Employed	4.05 ± 0.87		4.02 ± 1.06		4.06 ± 1.32		3.93 ± 1.50		4.46 ± 0.10		4.06 ± 1.10		3.76 ± 1.13
Diagnostic group
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	4.24 ± 0.89	<0.001^f,g	4.11 ± 1.08	0.001^f,g	4.20 ± 1.24	0.001^f,h	4.44 ± 1.23	<0.001	4.31 ± 1.06	0.498	4.16 ± 1.09	0.007^f	4.23 ± 1.02	<0.001^f,g
Depressive disorders	3.70 ± 0.92		3.66 ± 1.10		3.62 ± 1.36		3.78 ± 1.52		4.17 ± 1.07		3.75 ± 1.13		3.25 ± 1.07
Anxiety disorders	3.80 ± 0.95		3.64 ± 1.21		4.11 ± 1.31		3.49 ± 1.57		4.29 ± 0.97		3.87 ± 1.21		3.41 ± 1.19

Significant difference was set at P < 0.05 derived from independent t-test and one way ANOVA test

Bonferroni post hoc test:

^aSignificant difference between Malay vs Chinese

^bSignificant difference between Indian vs Chinese

^cSignificant difference between Married vs Single

^dSignificant difference between Married vs Separated/Divorced/Widowed

^eSignificant difference between Some formal/Primary education vs Secondary/Junior College/Pre U

^fSignificant difference between Depressive disorders vs Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

^gSignificant difference between Anxiety disorders vs Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

^hSignificant difference between Depressive disorders vs Anxiety disorders