Table 2.
Rates of illegal behaviors, arrests, and convictions by volunteering status, and unadjusted and adjusted rate differences and rate ratios of comparison
| Outcomes Wave 3 |
Volunteering Type |
Rate/ 100 PY (95 % CI) |
Weightedb rate differences (95 % CI) | Weightedb rate Ratios (95 % CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||
| Illegal behaviors | None (Referent) | 120 (111, 130) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 100 (89, 111) | -20 (-31, -9.9) | -7.7 (-18, 2.7) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.88) | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | |
| Adult-required | 139 (121, 157) | 19 (0.79, 36) | 29 (11, 46) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | |
| Court-Ordered | 328 (298, 359) | 208 (177, 238) | 145 (115, 175) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.6) | |
| Arrests | None (Referent) | 5.4 (4.6, 6.1) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 3.1 (2.2, 4.1) | -2.2 (-3.1, -1.4) | -1.0 (-1.9, -0.2) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.74) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.85) | |
| Adult-required | 3.4 (1.9, 4.9) | -1.9 (-3.4, -0.48) | -0.8 (-2.2, 0.7) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.91) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.90) | |
| Court-Ordered | 21 (19, 24) | 16 (14, 19) | 11 (8.9, 14) | 5.1 (2.9, 8.7) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.8) | |
| Convictions | None (Referent) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | -1.4 (-1.9, -0.88) | -0.97 (-1.5, -0.43) | 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.79) | |
| Adult-required | 2.3 (1.4, 3.3) | -0.38 (-1.3, 0.53) | 0.08 (-0.84, 1.0) | 0.63 (0.39, 1.0) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.1) | |
| Court-Ordered | 9.6 (8.0, 11) | 6.9 (5.3, 8.4) | 4.4 (2.8, 6.0) | 4.1 (2.2, 7.5) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.8) | |
| Wave 4 | ||||||
| Illegal behaviors | None (Referent) | 61 (54, 68) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 36 (28, 44) | -25 (-33, -18) | -14 (-21, -6.5) | 0.61 (0.54, 0.70) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) | |
| Adult-required | 56 (44, 69) | -4.9 (-18, 7.8) | 7.4 (-5.2, 19.9) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.82, 1.5) | |
| Court-Ordered | 147 (125, 169) | 85 (64, 107) | 53 (31, 74) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.4) | 1.5 (0.92, 2.5) | |
| Arrests | None (Referent) | 6.1 (5.2, 6.9) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 2.3 (1.3, 3.2) | -3.8 (-4.6, -3.0) | -2.2 (-3.0, -1.4) | 0.37 (0.32, 0.43) | 0.47 (0.38, 0.58) | |
| Adult-required | 2.9 (1.4, 4.3) | -3.2 (-4.6, -1.9) | -1.3 (-2.7, 0.03) | 0.47 (0.36, 0.60) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.0) | |
| Court-Ordered | 15 (12, 17) | 8.6 (6.2, 11) | 4.8 (2.5, 7.1) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.3) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.9) | |
| Convictions | None (Referent) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Self | 0.89 (0.68, 1.1) | -0.79 (-0.97, -0.60) | -0.55 (-0.74 -0.36) | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65) | 0.64 (0.51, 0.80) | |
| Adult-required | 1.1 (0.77, 1.4) | -0.57 (-0.89, -0.25) | -0.29 (-0.61, 0.03) | 0.61 (0.49, 0.77) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.2) | |
| Court-Ordered | 4.1 (3.5, 4.6) | 2.4 (1.8, 2.9) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.2) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) | |
PY person-years
a adjusted for age, sex, and race of the participant during respective survey waves, neighborhood safety, participant’s perception of relationships with parents, friends, and teachers, presence of a mentor figure in participant’s life, adolescent delinquency, adolescent religiosity, parent education, parent civic engagement, family’s use of food stamps, school suspension, school expulsion, work for pay, and allowance
b the weighting for wave 3 is based on the survey weights, and the weighting for wave 4 is the product of survey weights and inverse probability of attrition weights