Table 2.
Participant characteristics.
| M ± SD or n (%) | Total N = 19 |
Support Person Invited | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n = 9 |
No n = 10 |
||
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 51.7 ± 10.2 | 52.0 ± 9.4 | 51.3 ± 11.6 |
| Gender, female | 10 (53) | 4 (44) | 6 (60) |
| Racea | |||
| Caucasian/white | 7 (39) | 4 (44) | 3 (33) |
| African American/black | 8 (44) | 4 (44) | 4 (44) |
| Othersb | 3 (17) | 1 (11) | 2 (22) |
| Education, years | 12.8 ± 2.5 | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 2.9 |
| Annual household income, US$a | |||
| <10,000 | 8 (44) | 3 (33) | 5 (50) |
| 10,000–34,999 | 7 (39) | 3 (33) | 4 (40) |
| ≥35,000 | 3 (17) | 3 (33) | 0 (0) |
| Limited health literacy (BHLS) | 2 (11) | 1 (11) | 1 (10) |
| Family characteristics | |||
| Married/partnered | 5 (26) | 3 (33) | 2 (20) |
| Helpful actions (DFBC-II) | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 |
| Harmful actions (DFBC-II) | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 |
| Diabetes characteristics | |||
| Diabetes duration, years | 6.9 ± 5.9 | 5.1 ± 5.1 | 8.3 ± 6.4 |
| Insulin status, taking insulin | 8 (42) | 4 (44) | 4 (40) |
| Previous cell phone use | |||
| Comfortable using cell phone | 18 (95) | 9 (100) | 9 (90) |
| Used text messages | 17 (90) | 8 (89) | 9 (90) |
| Self-care adherence | |||
| Medication adherence (ARMS-D) | 25.8 ± 2.8 | 25.9 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 1.4 |
| General diet (SDSCA) | 3.6 ± 2.5 | 3.7 ± 2.8 | 3.5 ± 2.4 |
| Specific diet (SDSCA) | 3.5 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 2.0 |
| Exercise (SDSCA) | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.5 |
| SMBG (SDSCA) | 3.9 ± 3.1 | 3.0 ± 3.2 | 4.7 ± 2.9 |
| Glycemic control (A1c, %) | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 1.7 |
aOne participant refused/did not know.
bTwo Hispanic people and one Native American.
Note. Mann–Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests identified no association between any variable and inviting a support person. A1c, hemoglobin A1c; BHLS, Brief Health Literacy Screen (limited if score ≤ 9); ARMS-D, Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale for Diabetes medication taking subscale (possible range 7–28; higher scores indicate more adherence); DFBC-II, Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist-II (possible range 1 = never to 5 = once a day); SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (possible range 0–7; it indicates number of days adherent per week); and SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.