Table 1.

Food-derived compounds alleviating neuropathic pain in vivo.

Food compound	Source	Target	Site	Animal model	Reference
Berberine	Berberis vulgaris	NF-κB	PNS	CCI	[70]
Capsaicin	Hot chili peppers	TRPV1	PNS	CCI	[71]
β-Caryophyllene	Origanum vulgare L.	CB2	Spinal cord	PNL	[72]
Chlorogenic acid	Ilex paraguariensis, coffee	GABA receptor, NPY	spinal cord, DRG	SNI, CCI	[73, 74]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	DR, CREB, phospholipase C	cerebral cortex and cerebellum	Diabetic model	[75]
DHCB	Corydalis ambigua var. amurensis	DR	Brain	SNL	[76]
Genistein	Soy	ERβ, NOS, NF-κB	sciatic nerve, DRG, spinal cord, thalamus	CCI	[77]
Huperzine A	Huperzia serrata	mAChRs	PNS	CPN	[78]
Lycopene	Tomato	Cx43	spinal astrocytes	PNL	[79]
Naringin	Grape	inflammatory mediators, apoptosis	neural cell	Diabetic model	[80]
Omega-3	Fish oil	p38 MAPK	Spinal cord	SCI	[81]
PEA	Eggs and milk	CB1, TRPV1, PPARγ receptors	Spinal cord	CCI	[82]
Phlorotannins	Sea weed	Inflammatory mediators	DRG	SNI	[83]
Quercetin	Red kidney beans, capers	OPR	PNS, CNS	Diabetic model, CCI	[84, 85]
Resolvin E1	Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid	Microgliosis, TNF-α	microglia	SNL	[86]
Resveratrol	Grapes, nuts, berries	SIRT1	Spinal cord	CCI	[87, 88]
Zerumbone	Zingiber zerumbet	TRPV1, TRPA1	DRG	CCI	[89]

DHCB: dehydrocorybulbine, PEA: palmitoylethanolamide, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, CB2: cannabinoid receptor type 2, GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid, NPY: Neuropeptide Y, DR: dopamine receptor, CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein, ERβ: estrogen receptors, NOS: nitric oxide synthase, mAChRs: muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, cx43: connexin 43, p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, OPR: opioid receptor, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, SIRT1: Sirtuin 1, TRPA1: transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, PNS: peripheral nervous system, DRG: dorsal root ganglion, CNS: central nervous system, CCI: chronic constriction injury, PNL: partial nerve ligation, SNI: spared nerve injury, SNL: spinal nerve ligation, and CPN: Common Peroneal Nerve.