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. 2016 Nov 21;6:37596. doi: 10.1038/srep37596

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The protonation macro- and microequilibrium schemes of CysASH (A) and CysASSCysA (B) in terms of stepwise macroscopic protonation constants (K₁, K₂), where L⁻, HL, etc. are the successively protonating ligands (top lines). Below are the species-specific protonation schemes in terms of microspecies (a, b, c, d) and microscopic protonation constants (k^N, k_N^S …).