TABLE 3.
Predictors of Lifetime DSM–5/Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Separation Anxiety Disorder in the Total Sample and by Life Course Stagea
| Total Sample |
Childhood (Age 13) |
Adolescence (Ages 13–17) |
Early Adulthood (Ages 18–29) |
Later Adulthood (Ages ≥30) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Odds Ratio |
95% CI | Odds Ratio |
95% CI | Odds Ratio |
95% CI | Odds Ratio |
95% CI | Odds Ratio |
95% CI |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 1.3* | 1.2–1.5 | 1.4* | 1.1–1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 1.4* | 1.1–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 |
| Male (reference) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Educationb | ||||||||||
| Student | 1.2 | 1.0–1.6 | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | ||
| Low | 1.5* | 1.2–2.0 | – | – | – | – | 1.4 | 1.0–2.2 | 2.0* | 1.3–3.2 |
| Low-average | 1.6* | 1.2–2.0 | – | – | – | – | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 2.0* | 1.2–3.3 |
| High-average | 1.7* | 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | 1.8* | 1.2–2.7 | |||||
| High (reference) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Marital Statusc | ||||||||||
| Never married | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | – | – | – | – | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 |
| Previously married | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | – | – | – | – | 1.6* | 1.1–2.3 | 1.7* | 1.1–2.5 |
| Currently married (reference) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
|
Number of maladaptive family functioning childhood adversitiesd, e |
||||||||||
| 1 | 1.7* | 1.4–2.0 | 1.7* | 1.3–2.2 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 1.6* | 1.2–2.1 | 2.1* | 1.2–3.7 |
| 2 | 2.0* | 1.6–2.4 | 2.3* | 1.7–3.1 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.4 | 1.7* | 1.2–2.3 | 2.0* | 1.1–3.4 |
| 3 | 2.3* | 1.8–2.8 | 2.6* | 1.8–3.7 | 2.1* | 1.3–3.4 | 1.7* | 1.2–2.5 | 2.0* | 1.1–3.4 |
| 4 | 2.8* | 2.0–4.0 | 3.0* | 1.9–5.0 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.6 | 3.3* | 1.6–6.8 | 1.9* | 1.0–3.8 |
| ≥5 | 2.8* | 2.1–3.6 | 3.7* | 2.3–6.0 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.5 | 2.5* | 1.3–4.6 | 3.7* | 1.5–9.1 |
| None (reference) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Number of other childhood adversitiesf | ||||||||||
| 1 | 1.3* | 1.1–1.5 | 1.5* | 1.2–1.9 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.5 |
| 2 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 1.7* | 1.2–2.3 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.1 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 |
| ≥3 | 1.8* | 1.3–2.4 | 2.8* | 1.6–4.9 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.6 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.3 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.5 |
| None (Reference) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Lifetime traumag | ||||||||||
| War | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.6* | 1.0–2.5 | 1.4 | 0.7–2.5 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 |
| Violence | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 2.0* | 1.2–3.3 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 |
| Sexual violence | 1.6* | 1.3–1.9 | 2.8 | 0.6–12.3 | 3.0* | 1.5–5.8 | 1.6* | 1.2–2.1 | 1.5* | 1.0–2.1 |
| Accident | 1.4* | 1.1–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 | 1.8* | 1.2–2.6 | 1.3* | 1.0–1.7 | 1.5* | 1.0–2.3 |
| Family death | 1.4* | 1.2–1.6 | 1.7* | 1.1–2.5 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.0 | 1.3* | 1.0–1.6 | 1.6* | 1.2–2.3 |
| Network events | 1.3* | 1.1–1.6 | 1.6 | 0.9–2.9 | 1.5* | 1.0–2.2 | 1.3* | 1.0–1.7 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 |
| Other | 1.5* | 1.2–1.9 | 1.9* | 1.1–3.3 | 1.7* | 1.0–3.00 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 2.0* | 1.3–3.3 |
Discrete time-survival analysis controlling for person-year, country, age at interview, and prior lifetime DSM-IV/CIDI disorders as of separation anxiety disorder age at onset. The total sample model was estimated in all person-years, while the models for the various life course stages were restricted to person-years in the ranges indicated. The measures of education, marital status, and lifetime traumas were dated and were treated as time-varying covariates (i.e., coded as being present only as of the respondent’s age when they occurred).
The chi-square test (df=3) statistics for the total sample, early adulthood, and later adulthood are 20.22, 4.01, and 12.60, respectively, with the results for the total sample and later adulthood reaching statistical significance.
The chi-square test (df=2) statistics for the total sample, early adulthood, and later adulthood are 3.13, 10.06, and 5.70, respectively, with the results for early adulthood reaching statistical significance.
Measured using the Maladaptive Family Functioning Scale, which records items for parental mental illness, substance misuse, criminal behavior, domestic violence, physical and sexual abuse, and neglect.
The chi-square test (df=5) statistics for the total sample, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and later adulthood are 98.30, 48.08, 10.62, 18.63, and 13.20, respectively, with the results for all age groups except adolescence reaching statistical significance.
The chi-square test (df=3) statistics for the total sample, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and later adulthood are 20.23, 23.42, 2.59, 1.89, and 2.01, respectively, with the results for the total sample and childhood reaching statistical significance.
The chi-square test (df=7) statistics for the total sample, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, and later adulthood are 117.47, 35.25, 44.40, 35.65, and 42.56, respectively, with the results for all age groups reaching statistical significance.
p<0.05 (two-sided test).