Table 4.

Within and between group comparison of variables

Group	Control group (n=72)	Intervention group (n=138)	Between group differences (P)	Effect size
5 m walking time(s)	3.00 (0.75)	2.96 (0.87)	0.06
Pre	2.83 (0.86)	2.78 (0.74)
Post
Change	0.16 (0.66)	0.18 (0.36)	0.716
TUG-T(s)†
Pre	6.55 (1.55)	6.83 (2.14)		0.38
Post	6.70 (1.65)	6.60 (1.73)**
Change	−0.15 (1.21)	0.24 (1.07)	0.022
FRT (cm)‡
Pre	32.3 (7.8)	31.3 (7.6)		0.16
Post	31.0 (9.1)	32.7 (6.8)**
Change	−1.2 (7.1)	1.4 (6.0)	0.291
CS-30 (times)§
Pre	18.3 (6.5)	17.6 (5.3)		0.42
Post	18.6 (6.3)	19.6 (5.6)**
Change	0.3 (4.3)	2.0 (3.8)	0.007
Sway path EO (cm/s)¶
Pre	1.52 (0.50)	1.50 (0.74)		0.34
Post	1.46 (0.66)	1.65 (0.93)
Change	0.05 (0.47)	−0.15 (0.70)	0.052
Sway path EC (cm/s)**
Pre	2.24 (1.10)	2.37 (1.32)		0.23
Post	2.22 (1.21)	2.17 (1.13)**
Change	0.01 (0.60)	0.20 (0.88)	0.175
Knee extension strength (%BW)
Pre	35.9 (15.0)	38.6 (12.5)		0.35
Post	36.2 (14.4)	41.2 (10.5)**
Change	0.2 (8.8)	2.61 (9.9)	0.035
Sit and Reach Test (cm)
Pre	13.9 (8.6)	14.9 (9.4)		0.33
Post	14.5 (10.0)	17.7 (9.7)**
Change	0.6 (5.8)	2.8 (6.8)	0.046
VPCF (ℓ/min)††
Pre	242.0 (96.3)	273.8 (127.4)		0.47
Post	249.4 (98.1)	316.4 (136.5)**
Change	7.4 (73.7)	42.7 (95.4)	0.004
LCF (kg)‡‡
Pre	9.22 (3.53)	9.77 (3.86)		0.19
Post	9.30 (3.12)	9.67 (4.34)
Change	0.07 (3.11)	−0.09 (4.09)	0.424
Number of fallers§§
Pre	38 (32%)	38 (26%)		NA
Post	26 (22%)	17 (12%)
Change	12 (10%)	21 (14%)	0.02

Values are means (SD) except number of fallers. *p<0.05, **p<0.01: Pre-Post comparison.

†Timed Up and Go Test.

‡Functional Reach Test.

§30s Chair Stand Test.

¶Eyes open condition.

**Eyes closed condition.

††Voluntary peak cough flow.

‡‡Labial closure force.

§§Experience of one or more falls during past 6 months.

NA, not applicable.