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. 2016 Nov 15;12:1744806916679166. doi: 10.1177/1744806916679166

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© The Author(s) 2016

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — Intra-hippocampal (IH) injection of minocycline suppressed single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced hippocampal microglia activation and attenuated SPS-induced mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behavior. (a) Pain sensitivity was determined by measuring paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) at 1 h before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after IH injection on the day after SPS (n = 8 in each group). Anxiety-like behavior was tested in the EPM at 2 h after IH injection on the day after SPS. Percentage (%) of open-arm entries (b) and time spent in the open arms (c) as well as anxiety index (d) were calculated (n = 8 in each group). (e) Iba1 protein levels in the hippocampus were measured using Western blot analysis, and hippocampal levels of IL-1β (f) and TNF-α (g) were measured using enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay analysis (n = 5 in each group). Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with group control + vehicle IH; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 compared with group SPS + vehicle IH.