Table 3.
Multivariable regression analyses of the socioeconomic determinants and health risk behaviours for both males and females
| Characteristics | Univariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.38 (0.96–1.96) | 1.34 (0.93–1.93) | 1.81 (1.23–2.67)* | 1.63 (1.07–2.50)* | 1.50 (0.98–2.30) |
| Age | |||||
| 50–59 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 60–69 years | 2.04 (1.21–3.45) | 2.10 (1.25–3.55)* | 2.41 (1.41–4.14)* | 2.32 (1.32–4.07)* | 2.34 (1.28–4.28)* |
| 70 years and above | 1.33 (0.80–2.23) | 1.39 (0.83–2.35) | 1.96 (1.14–3.37)* | 1.70 (0.96–3.01) | 1.91 (1.05–3.44)* |
| Residence | |||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 2.77 (1.77–4.34) | 2.81 (1.80–4.38)* | 1.87 (1.14–3.07)* | 1.45 (0.85–2.45) | 1.27 (0.75–2.15) |
| Education Level | |||||
| No schooling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary School | 1.42 (0.88–2.27) | 1.48 (0.89–2.47) | 1.44 (0.85–2.44) | 1.30 (0.76–2.19) | |
| Secondary/High | 2.21 (1.41–3.46) | 2.28 (1.33–3.89)* | 2.21 (1.29–3.79)* | 2.08 (1.19–3.65)* | |
| University | 6.24 (3.30–11.8) | 5.14 (2.44–10.8)* | 4.90 (2.30–10.5)* | 5.07 (2.35–10.9)* | |
| Wealth | |||||
| 1 (Lowest) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | 0.88 (0.45–1.71) | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 0.71 (0.36–1.38) | 0.64 (0.32–1.27) | |
| 3 | 1.11 (0.56–2.21) | 0.92 (0.48–1.78) | 0.84 (0.43–1.66) | 0.80 (0.40–1.59) | |
| 4 | 2.38 (1.23–4.58) | 1.58 (0.80–3.12) | 1.49 (0.72–3.07) | 1.18 (0.58–2.41) | |
| 5 (Highest) | 3.31 (1.81–6.08) | 1.61 (0.81–3.17) | 1.46 (0.72–2.96) | 1.14 (0.54–2.39) | |
| Physical Activity | |||||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 2.77 (1.77–4.34) | 2.15 (1.32–3.50)* | 2.17 (1.32–3.56)* | ||
| Low | 2.96 (2.06–4.23) | 1.88 (1.24–2.85)* | 1.67 (1.12–2.50)* | ||
| Alcohol | |||||
| Non Drinkers | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Daily Drinkers | 0.53 (0.27–1.06) | 0.65 (0.33–1.28) | 0.59 (0.29–1.20) | ||
| Occasional Drinkers | 1.37 (0.87–2.18) | 1.30 (0.81–2.10) | 1.27 (0.77–2.09) | ||
| Former Drinkers | 1.87 (1.09–3.21) | 1.54 (0.89–2.68) | 1.57 (0.90–2.76) | ||
| Fruits/Vegetables Intake | |||||
| Adequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Inadequate | 1.03 (0.68–1.58) | 1.12 (0.72–1.72) | 1.17 (0.69–2.90) | ||
| Smoking | |||||
| Never Smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Daily/Not Daily | 0.56 (0.22–1.43) | 1.39 (0.52–3.72) | 1.08 (0.38–3.08) | ||
| Not Current Smoker | 0.85 (0.52–1.38) | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 1.19 (0.71–2.01) | ||
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | |||
| Underweight | 2.08 (1.07–4.05) | 1.85 (0.97–3.55) | |||
| Overweight | 2.88 (1.41–5.92) | 1.91 (0.93–3.92) | |||
| Obese | 6.57 (3.03–14.3) | 3.61 (1.69–7.70)* | |||
Model I: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence)
Model II: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence) and socioeconomic factors (education and wealth)
Model III: Model II plus further adjustment for health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, fruits and vegetable intake and physical activity)
Model IV: Model III with additional adjustment for anthropometric factor (Body mass index)
*Significance level (p < 0.05), AOR adjusted odd ratio, CI Confidence Interval