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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Discov. 2016 Oct 19;6(11):1215–1229. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0745

Figure 2. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are observed at gene promoters in cancer.

Figure 2

A) Alterations in the sequences of promoters can modulate transcription factor binding affinity for the DNA to change the expression of the associated gene. This can arise through somatic mutations or inherited Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs). B) Changes in the epigenetic identity, either based on changes in the DNA methylation or histone modifications was reported in cancer initiation and progression that influence promoter activity and results in altered gene expression in cancer.