Table 1.
Distribution of Childhood Variables in Persistent and Desistent Groups in Complete Case Dataset
| Baseline variables | Desisters Mean (SD) | Persisters Mean (SD) | t | p | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.78 (0.84) | 7.80 (0.81) | −0.33 | .74 | 0.02 |
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| Parenting styles | |||||
| Parental involvement | 3.23 (0.69) | 3.26 (0.68) | −0.40 | .69 | 0.04 |
| Positive parenting | 3.90 (0.77) | 3.95 (0.81) | −0.68 | .50 | 0.06 |
| Inconsistent discipline | 2.39 (0.70) | 2.52 (0.81) | −1.76 | .08 | 0.17 |
| Low monitoring and supervision | 2.01 (0.71) | 2.02 (0.72) | −0.22 | .83 | 0.01 |
| Harsh discipline | 2.18 (0.94) | 2.24 (0.91) | −0.63 | .53 | 0.06 |
| Appropriate discipline | 2.61 (0.79) | 2.54 (0.74) | 0.96 | .34 | 0.09 |
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| Parent–child relationships | |||||
| Possessive and protective | 3.16 (0.81) | 3.23 (0.78) | −0.73 | .50 | 0.09 |
| Affectionate and admiring | 4.41 (0.72) | 4.42 (0.67) | −0.12 | .90 | 0.01 |
| Conflicting | 2.30 (0.73) | 2.41 (0.69) | −1.27 | .20 | 0.15 |
| Nurturing and intimate | 3.46 (0.79) | 3.59 (0.76) | −1.40 | .16 | 0.17 |
| Participating and involved | 3.30 (0.73) | 3.45 (0.79) | −1.71 | .09 | 0.20 |
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| IQ | 102.14 (15.19) | 102.24 (13.97) | −0.08 | .09 | 0.01 |
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| Total child comorbidity | 1.50 (1.58) | 1.87 (2.00) | −2.12 | .035 | 0.21 |
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| Parental marital relationshipsa | 0.43 (0.70) | 0.71 (1.91) | −2.02 | .045 | 0.20 |
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| Parental mental health problems | 0.80 (1.01) | 1.28 (1.58) | −3.17 | <.001 | 0.36 |
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| ADHD severity | 1.96 (0.45) | 2.10 (0.44) | −3.22 | .001 | 0.32 |
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| Baseline variables | Desisters N | Persisters N | χ2 | p | Odds ratio |
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| Sex (Females) | 49 | 50 | 0.02 | .89 | 0.97 |
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| Income levels (per annum) | |||||
| < $10,000 | 19 | 20 | 0.03 | .86 | 0.94 |
| $10,000 – $20,000 | 25 | 26 | 0.03 | .86 | 0.95 |
| $20,000 – $30,000 | 29 | 29 | 0 | >.99 | 0.89 |
| $30,000 – $40,000 | 30 | 30 | 0 | >.99 | 0.92 |
| $40,000 – $50,000 | 24 | 33 | 1.67 | .20 | 0.69 |
| $50,000 – $60,000 | 30 | 18 | 3.3 | .07 | 1.76 |
| $60,000 – $70,000 | 19 | 25 | 0.94 | .33 | 0.73 |
| $70,000 – $75,000 | 14 | 9 | 1.12 | .29 | 1.59 |
| > $75,000 | 24 | 31 | 1.05 | .31 | 0.74 |
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| Parental education levels | |||||
| Eighth grade or less | 1 | 0 | 0 | >.99 | - |
| Some high school | 5 | 4 | 0 | >.99 | 1.25 |
| High school graduate | 48 | 28 | 6.22 | .01 | 1.90 |
| Some college or post-high school | 55 | 83 | 8.35 | .004 | 0.55 |
| College graduate | 56 | 62 | 0.45 | .50 | 0.86 |
| Advanced graduate or professional degree | 62 | 49 | 1.94 | .16 | 1.36 |
Note: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
a
Total number of separations/divorces of parent figure.