Table 3. Association between intakes of calcium, vitamin D and lactose with ovarian cancer risk in AACESa.
|
Cases (n=490) |
Controls (n=656) |
Model 1b |
Model 2c |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
|
Total calcium (mg per day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (⩽478.6) | 298 | 26.0 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| Q2 (478.7–784.1) | 306 | 26.7 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.00 | 0.72, 1.39 | 0.89 | 0.61, 1.31 |
| Q3 (784.2–1233.6) | 272 | 23.7 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.70 | 0.48, 1.00 | 0.62 | 0.39, 0.96 |
| Q4 (⩾1233.7) | 270 | 23.6 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.63 | 0.42, 0.94 | 0.51 | 0.30, 0.86 |
| P for trend | 0.012 |
0.009 |
||||||
|
Dietary calcium (mg per day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (⩽362.4) | 123 | 25.1 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| Q2 (362.5–546.8) | 128 | 26.1 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.98 | 0.70, 1.37 | 0.79 | 0.54, 1.17 |
| Q3 (546.9–819.5) | 126 | 25.7 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.94 | 0.65, 1.35 | 0.75 | 0.47, 1.20 |
| Q4 (⩾819.6) | 113 | 23.1 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.77 | 0.48, 1.23 | 0.52 | 0.28, 0.98 |
| P for trend | 0.26 |
0.049 |
||||||
|
Supplemental calcium (mg per day) | ||||||||
| Non-consumer | 231 | 47.1 | 240 | 36.6 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| ⩽240.0 | 143 | 29.2 | 214 | 32.6 | 0.69 | 0.52, 0.91 | 0.62 | 0.41, 0.92 |
| >240.0 | 116 | 23.7 | 202 | 30.8 | 0.57 | 0.43, 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.35, 0.79 |
| P for trend | <0.001 |
0.007 |
||||||
|
Total vitamin D (IU per day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (⩽130.8) | 313 | 27.3 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| Q2 (130.9–292.8) | 262 | 22.9 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.63 | 0.45, 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.49, 1.04 |
| Q3 (292.9–523.9) | 282 | 24.6 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.77 | 0.55, 1.07 | 0.89 | 0.60, 1.32 |
| Q4 (⩾524.0) | 289 | 25.2 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.75 | 0.54, 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.65, 1.54 |
| P for trend | 0.27 |
0.60 |
||||||
|
Dietary vitamin D (IU per day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (⩽48.5) | 124 | 25.3 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| Q2 (48.6–80.8) | 114 | 23.3 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.90 | 0.64, 1.27 | 0.84 | 0.57, 1.25 |
| Q3 (80.9–141.1) | 115 | 23.5 | 164 | 25.0 | 0.91 | 0.64, 1.30 | 0.85 | 0.54, 1.33 |
| Q4 (⩾141.2) | 137 | 28.0 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.12 | 0.75, 1.66 | 1.02 | 0.58, 1.79 |
| P for trend | 0.41 |
0.69 |
||||||
|
Supplemental vitamin D (IU per day) | ||||||||
| Non-consumer | 200 | 40.8 | 189 | 28.8 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| ⩽371.4 | 134 | 27.4 | 257 | 39.2 | 0.49 | 0.37, 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.39, 0.74 |
| >371.4 | 156 | 31.8 | 210 | 32.0 | 0.67 | 0.50, 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.55, 1.12 |
| P for trend | 0.03 |
0.20 |
||||||
|
Lactose (g per day) | ||||||||
| Q1 (⩽2.3) | 104 | 21.22 | 170 | 25.9 | 1.00 | Ref | 1.00 | Ref |
| Q2 (2.4–4.6) | 137 | 27.96 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.41 | 1.00, 1.98 | 1.44 | 1.00, 2.08 |
| Q3 (4.7–8.8) | 108 | 22.04 | 158 | 24.1 | 1.12 | 0.78, 1.61 | 1.19 | 0.79, 1.78 |
| Q4 (⩾8.9) | 141 | 28.78 | 164 | 25.0 | 1.53 | 1.02, 2.29 | 1.97 | 1.25, 3.10 |
| P for trend | 0.11 | 0.008 | ||||||
Abbreviations: AACES=African American Cancer Epidemiology Study; CI=confidence interval; IU, international unit; OR=odds ratio.
Exposures were categorised into quartiles based on the distribution of controls. For exposures with >25% non-consumers, they were categorised into non-consumers, below or above the median of consumption based on controls' distributions.
Model 1 adjusted for age, region, and total energy intake.
Model 2 further adjusted for education, parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, tubal ligation, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, daylight hours spent outdoors in summer months, pigmentation, recreational physical activity, body mass index, other sugar intake excluding lactose, plus quartiles of total calcium, total vitamin D, and lactose when applicable; When examining dietary or supplemental intake of calcium (or vitamin D), the model was also mutually adjusted for the other source.