Table 1.
Characteristics of REGARDS participants by diabetes and prevalent coronary heart disease status at baseline
| Characteristics | Prevalent CHD only‡ |
Diabet es only§ |
Diabetes and prevalent CHD |
Neither diabetes nor prevalent CHD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3,043 | n = 4,012 |
n = 1,529 | n = 17,155 | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 67.0 ± 9.2 | 64.9 ± 8.7 |
67.4 ± 8.2 | 63.8 ± 9.4 |
| Black, n (%) | 880 (28.9) | 2,473 (61.6) |
695 (45.5) | 6,267 (36.5) |
| Female, n (%) | 1,147 (37.7) |
2,277 (56.8) |
595 (38.9) | 9,932 (57.9) |
| Region, n (%) | ||||
| Stroke belt* | 1,059 (34.8) |
1,478 (36.8) |
505 (33.0) | 5,856 (34.1) |
| Stroke buckle† | 616 (20.2) | 888 (22.1) |
338 (22.1) | 3,539 (20.6) |
| Non-stroke belt or buckle | 1,368 (45.0) |
1,646 (41.0) |
686 (44.9) | 7,760 (45.2) |
|
Annual household income <$20,000, n (%) |
574 (21.3) | 1,008 (28.6) |
401 (30.0) | 2,452 (16.3) |
| Education ≤ High school, n (%) | 1,248 (41.0) |
1,883 (47.0) |
775 (50.8) | 5,799 (33.8) |
|
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL, mean ± SD |
93.8 ± 11.3 | 132.9 ± 50.5 |
135.1 ± 52.8 | 92.4 ± 10.6 |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%) | ||||
| No pharmacologic treatment | - | 496 (12.4) |
119 (7.8) | - |
| Oral medications | - | 2,543 (63.4) |
877 (57.4) | - |
| Insulin | - | 514 (12.8) |
288 (18.8) | - |
| Both oral medications and insulin |
- | 459 (11.4) |
245 (16.0) | - |
|
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean ± SD |
128.5 ± 17.1 |
131.7 ± 17.0 |
132.3 ± 17.7 | 125.9 ± 16.2 |
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean ± SD |
75.6 ± 9.7 | 77.0 ± 10.1 |
75.4 ± 10.7 | 76.6 ± 9.5 |
| Hypertension prevalence, n (%) | 2,044 (67.3) |
3,111 (77.6) |
1,254 (82.3) | 8,635 (50.4) |
| Smoker, n (%) | ||||
| Current | 476 (15.7) | 548 (13.7) |
223 (14.6) | 2,427 (14.2) |
| Never | 1,105 (36.5) |
1,834 (45.9) |
503 (33.0) | 8,205 (48.0) |
| Past | 1,449 (47.8) |
1,616 (40.4) |
799 (52.4) | 6,456 (37.8) |
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD |
180.3 ± 40.1 |
182.6 ± 41.0 |
171.5 ± 40.9 | 198.3 ± 38.1 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 49.1 ± 15.5 | 47.9 ± 14.2 |
43.3 ± 13.4 | 54.0 ± 16.5 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL, mean ± SD | 104.4 ± 33.6 |
105.6 ± 34.7 |
95.1 ± 32.5 | 119.2 ± 33.6 |
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL, mean ± SD |
134.6 ± 91.5 |
146.1 ± 98.0 |
167.4 ± 119.9 | 125.6 ± 79.0 |
| Other medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 2,055 (67.6) |
1,917 (47.8) |
1,137 (74.4) | 6,078 (35.5) |
| Statins | 1,681 (55.2) |
1,719 (42.9) |
1,003 (65.6) | 3,734 (21.8) |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 1,385 (45.5) |
2,459 (61.3) |
1,059 (69.3) | 4,287 (25.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 32.5 ± 6.7 |
31.9 ± 6.1 | 28.5 ± 5.8 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| None | 1,013 (33.8) |
1,550 (39.2) |
687 (45.6) | 5,272 (31.2) |
| 1–3 times per week | 1,009 (33.7) |
1,421 (35.9) |
449 (29.8) | 6,380 (37.8) |
| 4+ times per week | 972 (32.5) | 984 (24.9) |
371 (24.6) | 5,250 (31.1) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L, n (%) | ||||
| <1 | 781 (26.2) | 763 (20.2) |
308 (21.5) | 4765 (28.3) |
| 1 to 3 | 1,037 (34.8) |
1,131 (30.0) |
463 (32.3) | 5,760 (34.2) |
| >3 | 1,165 (39.1) |
1,875 (49.8) |
661 (46.2) | 6,321 (37.5) |
|
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) |
515 (16.9) | 581 (15.1) |
397 (27.0) | 1,308 (7.6) |
|
Ratio of albumin to creatinine, ≥ 30 mg/g, n |
486 (16.0) | 1,131 (28.2) |
585 (38.3) | 1,692 (9.9) |
Abbreviations: REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHD, prevalent coronary heart disease
Defined as the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee and the noncoastal regions of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Defined as the coastal regions of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
Coronary heart disease was assessed using ECG evidence of MI or self-report of MI or revascularization.
Diabetes was defined as blood glucose (fasting ≥ 126 mg/dL or non-fasting ≥ 200 mg/dL) or self-reported use of diabetes medication.
The frequencies and percentages may not add up to the total sample size due to missing data.