Table 1.
Participant characteristics; N = 257.
| Percentage or M (SD) | Parent Report M (SD) | Youth Report M (SD) | Sample Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 12.8 (1.2) | 11.0-14.9 | ||
| Age at Disease Onset (years) | 7.7 (3.2) | .3-13.6 | ||
| Disease Duration (years) | 5.1 (3.1) | .3-13.6 | ||
| A1c (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 8.81 (1.63) | 6.30-14.00 | ||
| 3 Months Post-baseline | 8.93 (1.54) | 5.90-14.00 | ||
| Hollingshead Index of SESa | 46.6 (11.7) | 12.0-66.0 | ||
| Gender: Male (%) | 51 | |||
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 69 | |||
| African American | 19 | |||
| Hispanic | 6 | |||
| Asian/Asian American | 2 | |||
| Other | 4 | |||
| Insulin Regimen (%) | ||||
| Pump Therapy | 44 | |||
| Basal/bolus | 20 | |||
| Relationship to Child: Mother (%) | 91 | |||
| Two-Parent Families (%) | 77 | |||
| Parental Distress | ||||
| Parenting Stress Frequency (PIP) | 90.5 (24.6) | 43.0-189.9 | ||
| Parenting Stress Difficulty (PIP) | 83.7 (26.6) | 42.0-161.0 | ||
| Anxiety about Hypoglycemia (HFS-P) | 18.4 (8.9) | 0-50.0 | ||
| Depressive Symptoms (BDI) | 7.9 (7.7) | 0-44.0 | ||
| Parental Self-Efficacy (SEDSM-P) | 8.1 (1.3) | 3.6-10.0 | ||
| Authoritative Parenting (PSI) | 2.67 (.53) | 1.11-3.78 | ||
| Parental Monitoring | ||||
| % BG Checks Observed/Discussed (DI) | 60.0 (23.6) | 57.7 (21.8) | 0-100 (P+Y) | |
| Global Parental Monitoring (PMDC) | 78.0 (7.9) | 77.1 (8.5) | 52.3-90.0 (P) | |
| 47.0-90.0 (Y) | ||||
| Adherence | ||||
| Number of BG Checks per Day (DI) | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | 1.0-9.5 (P) | |
| 1.0-10.0 (Y) | ||||
| Global Adherence (DBRS) | .70 (.11) | .63 (.13) | .27-.92 (P) | |
| .28-.98 (Y) |
Note. BG = blood glucose, P=Parent, Y=Youth, P+Y= Parent and Youth report
a
Parental education level and occupation were transformed into scores that ranged from 8-66. Scores of 8-17 indicate “Lower Class,” 18-28 indicate “Lower-Middle Class,” 29-47 indicate “Middle Class,” 40-59 indicate “Upper-Middle Class,” and 60-66 indicate “Upper Class” (Hollingshead, 1975).