Table 1.
Multilevel Growth-Curve Models of Diurnal Cortisol Parameters
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effect (independent variable) |
Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P | Estimate (SE) | P |
| Wake Up Cortisol, π0 | ||||||
| Average Wakeup Cortisol
(Intercept), β00 |
5.179 (0.025) | <.001 | 5.179 (0.025) | <.001 | 5.176 (0.026) | <.001 |
| Age, β01 | 0.002 (0.001) | .001 | 0.002 (0.001) | .001 | 0.002 (0.001) | .002 |
| Female, β02 | −0.063 (0.013) | <.001 | −0.062 (0.013) | <.001 | −0.059 (0.014) | <.001 |
| Waist Circumference, β03 | −0.001 (0.001) | .041 | −0.001 (0.001) | .045 | −0.001 (0.001) | .066 |
| Ethnicity, β04 | −0.104 (0.038) | .006 | −0.102 (0.038) | .007 | −0.098 (0.036) | .007 |
| Education, β05 | 0.052 (0.014) | <.001 | 0.050 (0.014) | .001 | 0.046 (0.014) | .001 |
| Average Waketime, β06 | −0.006 (0.007) | .372 | −0.006 (0.008) | .370 | −0.005 (0.007) | .433 |
| W1 Religious Participation, β07 | 0.014 (0.007) | .071 | 0.013 (0.008) | .099 | 0.012 (0.008) | .118 |
| W2 Religious Struggle, β08 | -- | -- | −0.020 (0.012) | .113 | −0.008 (0.014) | .556 |
| W2 Emotion Focused Coping, β09 | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.002 (0.002) | .156 |
| W2 Social Support, β010 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.019 (0.018) | .285 |
| Time Since Waking, π1 | ||||||
| Average Linear Slope, β10 | −0.061 (0.003) | <.001 | −0.061 (0.003) | <.001 | −0.061 (0.003) | <.001 |
| Age, β11 | 0.000 (0.000) | <.001 | 0.000 (0.000) | <.001 | 0.000 (0.000) | <.001 |
| Female, β12 | 0.001 (0.001) | .474 | 0.001 (0.001) | .588 | 0.001 (0.001) | .627 |
| Waist Circumference, β13 | −0.001 (0.001) | .928 | −0.000 (0.000) | .850 | −0.000 (0.000) | .851 |
| Ethnicity, β14 | 0.015 (0.003) | <.001 | 0.014 (0.003) | <.001 | 0.014 (0.003) | <.001 |
| Education, β15 | −0.005 (0.001) | .001 | −0.004 (0.001) | .004 | −0.004 (0.001) | .004 |
| Average Waketime, β16 | −0.001 (0.001) | .169 | −0.001 (0.001) | .165 | −0.001 (0.001) | .167 |
| W1 Religious Participation, β17 | −0.002 (0.001) | .024 | −0.002 (0.001) | .055 | −0.002 (0.001) | .054 |
| W2 Religious Struggle, β18 | -- | -- | 0.005 (0.001) | <.001 | 0.005 (0.001) | <.001 |
| W2 Emotion Focused Coping, β19 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.000 (0.000) | .890 |
| W2 Social Support, β110 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.000 (0.002) | .945 |
| Cortisol Awakening Response, π2 | ||||||
| Average CAR, β20 | 0.142 (0.017) | <.001 | 0.142 (0.017) | <.001 | 0.142 (0.018) | <.001 |
| Age, β21 | 0.001 (0.000) | .019 | 0.001 (0.000) | .015 | 0.001 (0.000) | .021 |
| Female, β22 | 0.037 (0.010) | <.001 | 0.037 (0.010) | <.001 | 0.037 (0.010) | <.001 |
| Waist Circumference, β23 | −0.000 (0.000) | .536 | −0.000 (0.000) | .510 | −0.000 (0.000) | .544 |
| Ethnicity, β24 | 0.022 (0.023) | .339 | 0.020 (0.023) | .368 | 0.021 (0.023) | .346 |
| Education, β25 | −0.009 (0.010) | .370 | −0.008 (0.010) | .457 | −0.008 (0.010) | .434 |
| Average Waketime, β26 | −0.004 (0.004) | .326 | −0.004 (0.004) | .327 | −0.004 (0.004) | .346 |
| W1 Religious Participation, β27 | 0.006 (0.006) | .314 | 0.007 (0.006) | .264 | 0.006 (0.006) | .291 |
| W2 Religious Struggle, β28 | -- | -- | 0.012 (0.010) | .212 | 0.014 (0.010) | .141 |
| W2 Emotion Focused Coping, β29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.000 (0.001) | .871 |
| W2 Social Support, β210 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.008 (0.011) | .439 |
| Time Since Waking Squared, π3 | ||||||
| Average Curvature, β30 | 0.001 (0.000) | <.001 | 0.001 (0.001) | <.001 | 0.001 (0.001) | <.001 |
Note. Intercepts indicate average log-transformed cortisol values at wakeup; average slopes of time since waking indicate change in log-transformed cortisol per 1-hour change in time; average slopes of time since waking-squared indicate change in log-transformed cortisol per 1-hour change in time-squared. CAR = Cortisol Awakening Response. For education, 0 = high school or less, 1 = some college or more, and for ethnicity, 0 = white, 1 = nonwhite. W1 = Data collected at Wave 1. W2 = Data collected at Wave 2.