Table 2.
Event Rates and Hazard Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals for Mortality According to Life-space (LS) in the U.S. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures, 2006 to 2015.
| n | Deaths, n | Risk, % | Events/1000 person years |
Model 1 Age Adjusted |
Model 2 Age and Gait Speed Adjusted |
Model
3 Multivariable Adjusted |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | |||||||
| LS 0–20 | 69 | 57 | 82.6 | 259.9 | 4.90 (3.47, 6.91) | 2.87 (1.84, 4.48) | 2.44 (1.49, 3.99) |
| LS 21–40 | 387 | 287 | 74.2 | 173.6 | 2.92 (2.27, 3.77) | 1.83 (1.38, 2.44) | 1.54 (1.12, 2.12) |
| LS 41–60 | 435 | 267 | 61.4 | 119.1 | 2.06 (1.60, 2.65) | 1.61 (1.24, 2.09) | 1.45 (1.09, 1.93) |
| LS 61–80 | 378 | 148 | 39.2 | 67.3 | 1.22 (0.93, 1.60) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.50) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.52) |
| LS 81–120 | 229 | 83 | 36.2 | 58.7 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Per SD decrease in LS | 1.61 (1.49, 1.75) | 1.32 (1.20, 1.45) | 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) | ||||
| Restricted LS | 814 | 571 | 70.2 | 155.2 | 2.23 (1.92, 2.59) | 1.52 (1.27, 1.81) | 1.36 (1.11, 1.66) |
| Model N | 1498 | 1379 | 1284 | ||||
| Noncancer mortality | |||||||
| LS 0–20 | 69 | 54 | 78.3 | 246.2 | 5.43 (3.78, 7.80) | 3.10 (1.95, 4.93) | 2.74 (1.63, 4.58) |
| LS 21–40 | 387 | 261 | 67.4 | 157.9 | 3.08 (2.34, 4.05) | 1.87 (1.38, 2.54) | 1.60 (1.13, 2.25) |
| LS 41–60 | 435 | 223 | 51.3 | 99.5 | 2.01 (1.53, 2.64) | 1.52 (1.14, 2.02) | 1.40 (1.03, 1.91) |
| LS 61–80 | 378 | 116 | 30.7 | 52.7 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.42) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) |
| LS 81–120 | 229 | 71 | 31.0 | 50.3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Per SD decrease in LS | 1.69 (1.55, 1.85) | 1.36 (1.22, 1.51) | 1.27 (1.12, 1.43) | ||||
| Restricted LS | 814 | 507 | 62.3 | 137.8 | 2.43 (2.06, 2.86) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.93) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.82) |
| Model N | 1498 | 1379 | 1284 | ||||
| Cardiovascular mortality | |||||||
| LS 0–20 | 69 | 19 | 27.5 | 86.6 | 6.11 (3.21, 11.66) | 4.04 (1.86, 8.80) | 3.70 (1.53, 8.96) |
| LS 21–40 | 387 | 91 | 23.5 | 55.0 | 3.47 (2.09, 5.76) | 2.09 (1.19, 3.69) | 1.96 (1.05, 3.64) |
| LS 41–60 | 435 | 75 | 17.2 | 33.5 | 2.32 (1.40, 3.84) | 1.82 (1.07, 3.10) | 1.78 (1.01, 3.15) |
| LS 61–80 | 378 | 39 | 10.3 | 17.7 | 1.33 (0.77, 2.31) | 1.29 (0.74, 2.27) | 1.46 (0.82, 2.57) |
| LS 81–120 | 229 | 20 | 8.7 | 14.2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | ||||
| Per SD decrease in LS | 1.71 (1.47, 1.99) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.65) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.64) | ||||
| Restricted LS | 814 | 170 | 20.9 | 46.2 | 2.25 (1.69, 2.98) | 1.44 (1.04, 2.01) | 1.46 (1.01, 2.11) |
| Model N | 1498 | 1379 | 1284 | ||||
| Cancer mortality | |||||||
| LS 0–20 | 69 | 3 | 4.4 | 13.7 | 1.78 (0.50, 6.36) | 0.87 (0.11, 6.97) | 0.77 (0.09, 6.60) |
| LS 21–40 | 387 | 26 | 6.7 | 15.7 | 1.96 (0.97, 3.93) | 1.38 (0.63, 3.07) | 1.10 (0.45, 2.67) |
| LS 41–60 | 435 | 44 | 10.1 | 19.6 | 2.37 (1.25, 4.50) | 2.18 (1.12, 4.24) | 1.81 (0.88, 3.70) |
| LS 61–80 | 378 | 32 | 8.5 | 14.6 | 1.72 (0.88, 3.33) | 1.64 (0.84, 3.19) | 1.47 (0.74, 2.92) |
| LS 81–120 | 229 | 12 | 5.2 | 8.5 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| P for trend | 0.030 | 0.230 | 0.580 | ||||
| Per SD decrease in LS | 1.23 (1.01, 1.50) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) | ||||
| Restricted LS | 814 | 64 | 7.9 | 17.4 | 1.39 (0.95, 2.02) | 1.18 (0.75, 1.85) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.58) |
| Model N | 1498 | 1379 | 1284 | ||||
|
Noncardiovascular, noncancer mortality |
|||||||
| LS 0–20 | 69 | 35 | 50.7 | 159.6 | 5.17 (3.33, 8.01) | 2.72 (1.52, 4.88) | 2.32 (1.23, 4.40) |
| LS 21–40 | 387 | 170 | 43.9 | 102.8 | 2.93 (2.12, 4.06) | 1.80 (1.25, 2.60) | 1.47 (0.97, 2.23) |
| LS 41–60 | 435 | 148 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 1.89 (1.37, 2.62) | 1.42 (1.01, 1.99) | 1.26 (0.87, 1.83) |
| LS 61–80 | 378 | 77 | 20.4 | 35.0 | 1.05 (0.74, 1.51) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.38) |
| LS 81–120 | 229 | 51 | 22.3 | 36.1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
| Per SD decrease in LS | 1.68 (1.51, 1.87) | 1.35 (1.19, 1.53) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) | ||||
| Restricted LS | 814 | 337 | 41.4 | 91.6 | 2.52 (2.06, 3.09) | 1.68 (1.33, 2.13) | 1.47 (1.12, 1.93) |
| Model N | 1498 | 1379 | 1284 |
Model 1, adjusted for age. Model 2, adjusted for factors in Model 1 plus gait speed (fastest 6–m gait speed from two trials).
Model 3, adjusted for factors in Model 2 plus others (clinic site, season of assessment, BMI, walking for exercise, Teng 3MS, race, self-reported health, smoking status, body pain, ADL impairment, IADL impairment, prior hospitalization, COPD, CHF, and cancer).