Table 1.

Physiological and metabolic variables pre-, during and post-immersion

Study	Condition	Pre-immersion	2	4	6	8	10	12	+10 min	+20 min	+30 min
HR (beats min−1)
1	CON	89 ± 10	87 ± 11	89 ± 10	88 ± 10	87 ± 9	87 ± 10	90 ± 12	83 ± 10	82 ± 11	84 ± 11
	CWI	90 ± 8	102 ± 6*+	96 ± 5	91 ± 8	92 ± 8	90 ± 7	89 ± 8	83 ± 6	82 ± 9	81 ± 5
2	Passive	67 ± 9	80 ± 14*	67 ± 9	65 ± 9	63 ± 9	62 ± 9	60 ± 5	55 ± 9	54 ± 7	57 ± 8
$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_2$ (ml kg−1 min−1)
1	CON	6.68 ± 1.05	6.55 ± 1.17	6.90 ± 1.52	6.59 ± 1.15	6.56 ± 1.29	6.63 ± 0.90	6.99 ± 1.83	6.28 ± 1.22	6.42 ± 1.35	6.32 ± 0.87
	CWI	7.36 ± 1.11	9.77 ± 1.58*	8.13 ± 1.90	8.71 ± 2.51*	7.19 ± 0.98	7.94 ± 1.14	8.22 ± 1.04	7.41 ± 2.07	6.79 ± 0.75	6.95 ± 1.27
2	Passive	5.47 ± 1.39	6.96 ± 0.65	6.52 ± 1.49	7.34 ± 2.01*	6.92 ± 2.64*	7.05 ± 2.86	7.14 ± 2.11	4.65 ± 1.63	3.93 ± 0.94*	4.34 ± 1.31
Shivering (AU)
1	CON	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0	1 ± 0
	CWI	1 ± 0	2 ± 0.63*+	1.67 ± 0.81	1.33 ± 0.52	1.83 ± 0.75*+	1.83 ± 0.98	2 ± 1.26	1.5 ± 0.84	1.5 ± 0.55	1.5 ± 0.55
2	Passive	1 ± 0	2 ± 0.94*	2 ± 1.05*	1.7 ± 0.67*	1.8 ± 0.63*	1.7 ± 0.67*	1.7 ± 0.67*	1.2 ± 0.42	1 ± 0	1 ± 0

Values are mean ± SD; n = 9 subjects (Study 1) n = 10 subjects (Study 2)

PASS passive cold water immersion, CON post-exercise control trial, CWI post-exercise CWI trial

* P < 0.05 versus pre-immersion value; ⁺ P < 0.05 versus CON