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. 2016 Nov 22;7:1827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01827

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenesis and virulence. In the intestinal lumen, Salmonella uses flagella to move close to the intestinal epithelial cells and uses fimbriae and adhesins (SiiE, BapA) for intimate cell attachment. Through, the type III secretion system encoded on pathogenicity island 1 (T3SS-1), Salmonella injects effector proteins SipA, SopA, SopB (SigD), SopD and SopE2 into host cells where they trigger cytoskeletal rearrangement, bacterial engulfment and formation of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). The T3SS-1 effectors induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells. A second type III secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (T3SS-2) is expressed within the SCV. Proteins secreted through T3SS-2 prevent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enables Salmonella to survive inside macrophages.