Table 2.

The more common symptoms and/or diseases developed following intoxication are reported for each toxic metal. These are a free postediting from Zhou et al. [16].

	Symptoms and diseases
Aluminum	Fatigue, hypophosphatemia, increased prothrombin time, and porphyria.
Antimony	Nausea, anorexia, metallic taste, fatigue, and muscle weakness. Hypotension, cardiac pain (like angina pectoris), and faulty ventricular polarization. Irritation of respiratory tissues, pneumoconiosis. “Antimony spots” on the skin.
Arsenic	Fatigue, malaise. Eczema or allergic-like dermatitis. Skin hypopigmentation, white striae on fingernails, hair loss, and stomatitis. Increased salivation and garlic-like breath. Peripheral neuropathy. Myocardial damage, hemolysis, and aplastic anemia with leukopenia.
Barium	Tingling in the extremities, abnormal reflexes, and paralysis. Vomiting, diarrhea. Arrhythmia, hypertension. Respiratory arrest/failure.
Beryllium	Hypoproteinemia, anemia. Liver and kidney damage. Chest pain, cough, and fatigue. Granulomatous, lung disease, lung cancer.
Bismuth	Constipation or bowel irregularity, colitis. Foul breath. Skin pigmentation changes and gum pigmentation (blue-black), gingivitis, and stomatitis. Erythema and skin sores, irritation of mucous membranes. Nephritis, nephrosis, and hepatitis. “Bismuth encephalophy” with mental confusion, clumsiness, myoclonic jerks, tremors, and dysarthria (osteoarthropathy).
Cadmium	Hypertension. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia (not responsive to iron supplementation). Proteinuria with abnormally high excretion of beta-2 microglobulin.
Cesium	Ventricular arrhythmias, cardiotoxicity. Headache, nausea, and epileptic seizures.
Gadolinium	Abdominal cramps, diarrhea. Lethargy, muscular spasms, and respiratory collapse. Irritation of the skin and eyes.
Lead	Loss of appetite, constipation. Poor hemoglobin synthesis, anemia. Nephrotoxic effects with impaired renal excretion of uric acid. Tremors, neuropathy, and encephalopathy.
Mercury	Decreased senses of touch, hearing, vision, and taste, metallic taste in mouth. Fatigue or lack of physical endurance. Increased salivation. Anorexia, numbness and paresthesias, headaches, irritability, and excitability. Tremors and incoordination, psychoses, and manic behaviors. Anemia. Hypertension.
Nickel	Headache, vertigo. Muscle weakness. Nausea, vomiting. Palpitations. Itchy skin and dermatitis, eczema. Panallergy with asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
Palladium	Skin, eye, and respiratory irritation and allergic contact dermatitis.
Platinum	Nausea, vomiting. Dyspnea and wheezing. Dermatitis, development of chronic allergic reactions (“platinosis”). Nephrosis. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia.
Tellurium	Eye and respiratory irritation. Drowsiness, headache. Dry mouth, metallic taste, garlic-like odor of breath, sweat, and urine. Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Respiratory depression. Circulatory collapse. Bluish/black patches on the skin.
Thallium	Nausea, gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, and weight loss. Proteinuria. Fatigue. Mental confusion, memory loss, psychoses, and peripheral neurological signs: paresthesias, myalgias, tremor, and ataxia. Hair loss with sparing of pubic and body hair and a lateral fraction of eyebrows, alopecia.
Thorium	Respiratory distress and pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and fibrosis.
Tin	Reduced sense of smell, headache, fatigue, ataxia, and muscle weakness. Irritation of contacted tissues (eyes, skin, bronchial tubes, or gastrointestinal tract).
Titanium	Chest tightness and respiratory difficulty. Eye skin irritation. Neuroinflammation by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Hypersensitivity reaction.
Tungsten	Lung diseases (pneumoconiosis, cancer). Eczema, pruritus, folliculitis, and neurodermatitis.
Uranium	Fatigue. Hair loss, alopecia, and dermatitis. Increased locomotor activity. Perturbation of the sleep-wake cycle, decreased memory, and increased anxiety.