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. 2016 Nov 17;7:13415. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13415

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Schematic description of H⁺ transport in the photocycle of PoXeR compared with the photocycle of BR. In BR, only one double bond at C₁₃=C₁₄ isomerizes during the outward H⁺ pumping photocycle (trans to cis photoisomerization, and cis to trans thermal isomerization). In contrast, retinal isomerization is more complex to facilitate the inward H⁺ pump in PoXeR: (i) C₁₃=C₁₄ trans to cis photoisomerization, (ii) C₁₅=N anti to syn thermal isomerization, and (iii) C₁₃=C₁₄ cis to trans and C₁₅=N syn to anti thermal isomerization by a bicycle-pedal motion.